... | @@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ Near real-time observations of rainfall, measured through an **Automated Weather |
... | @@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ Near real-time observations of rainfall, measured through an **Automated Weather |
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**Weather Radars** provide information about the spatial variability of rain along with rainfall rates. To do so they measure the reflectivity of water particles in the air, from which rainfall is estimated via so-called Z-R relationships that are provided by the radar manufacturer, but must be calibrated using historical records of rainfall data – ideally provided by the Automated Weather Station Network.
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**Weather Radars** provide information about the spatial variability of rain along with rainfall rates. To do so they measure the reflectivity of water particles in the air, from which rainfall is estimated via so-called Z-R relationships that are provided by the radar manufacturer, but must be calibrated using historical records of rainfall data – ideally provided by the Automated Weather Station Network.
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Because raw radar data estimates represent rain in the air, these data can be combined with on-the-ground rainfall observations to be more representative of the water hitting the ground.
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Because raw radar data estimates represent rain in the air, these data can be combined with on-the-ground rainfall observations to be more representative of the water hitting the ground. <br>
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Rainfall fields provided by radars, either with or without calibration, provide information about the recent weather. For warning it is important to also obtain information of the future weather. **Nowcasting** achieves this by projecting the movement of rainfall cells for several hours into the future. Realistically, nowcasts are usually only sufficiently accurate for the use by FEWS for 30 minutes to 1 hour into the future, and less so for thunderstorm (convective) rain.
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Rainfall fields provided by radars, either with or without calibration, provide information about the recent weather. For warning it is important to also obtain information of the future weather. **Nowcasting** achieves this by projecting the movement of rainfall cells for several hours into the future. Realistically, nowcasts are usually only sufficiently accurate for the use by FEWS for 30 minutes to 1 hour into the future, and less so for thunderstorm (convective) rain.
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... | @@ -35,4 +35,5 @@ The first step in dissemination FEWS results is to determine of a risk of immine |
... | @@ -35,4 +35,5 @@ The first step in dissemination FEWS results is to determine of a risk of immine |
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**Sharing live data,** especially moving images from weather radars or forecast models, but also inundation maps, with the emergency management community provides them with better in-sights into the imminent risks.
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**Sharing live data,** especially moving images from weather radars or forecast models, but also inundation maps, with the emergency management community provides them with better in-sights into the imminent risks.
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**Providing warnings** to the impacted population, either directly or indirectly via collaborating agencies, is the most crucial step in flood early warning. This can be done by the institution operating a FEWS, or by other emergency management authorities. Warnings are often distributed via sirens, text-messages, or lately via social media with the goal of informing the impacted population and stakeholders of the imminent threat and providing guidance on how to react. |
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**Providing warnings** to the impacted population, either directly or indirectly via collaborating agencies, is the most crucial step in flood early warning. This can be done by the institution operating a FEWS, or by other emergency management authorities. Warnings are often distributed via sirens, text-messages, or lately via social media with the goal of informing the impacted population and stakeholders of the imminent threat and providing guidance on how to react.<br>
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