Each national income quintile has a household final demand expenditure, household energy footprint and household carbon footprint estimate allocated to it, which represents the average in the quintile, after these initial steps. Then, to calculate European household expenditure deciles, we first ranked all these national income quintiles (140 in total: 28 European countries x 5 national income quintiles each) according to their mean household expenditure in PPS and aggregated the result to 10 European expenditure groups. This distribution allowed us to analyze the total European household energy and carbon footprints per these European expenditure deciles. We included only those countries with EUROSTAT HBS and EXIOBASE data in 2015, 2010, and 2005, which excludes Italy (no 2010 or 2015 necessary EUROSTAT HBS data, i.e. no data per income quintile) and Luxembourg (no 2010 EUROSTAT HBS data), but includes the UK, Norway and Turkey.
Each national income quintile has a household final demand expenditure, household energy footprint and household carbon footprint estimate allocated to it, which represents the average in the quintile, after these initial steps. Then, to calculate European household expenditure deciles, we first ranked all these national income quintiles (140 in total: 28 European countries x 5 national income quintiles each) according to their mean household expenditure in PPS and aggregated the result to 10 European expenditure groups. This distribution allowed us to analyze the total European household energy and carbon footprints per these European expenditure deciles. We included only those countries with EUROSTAT HBS and EXIOBASE data in 2015, 2010, and 2005, which excludes Italy (no 2010 or 2015 necessary EUROSTAT HBS data, i.e. no data per income quintile) and Luxembourg (no 2010 EUROSTAT HBS data), but includes Norway and Turkey.
Each national income quintile is thus allocated to one of the 10 European expenditure deciles (some national income quintiles at the boundaries between deciles are split between two deciles). Figure S1 shows the population share of each country in our bottom 4 European expenditure deciles in 2015. A 100% share thus means that all 5 national income quintiles of that country fall within the bottom 4 European expenditure deciles. This does not imply that there are no high-income households in those countries, but because this method uses average expenditure data from the national income quintiles, the aggregation cuts off the lower and higher tails of the respective national expenditure distributions.
Each national income quintile is thus allocated to one of the 10 European expenditure deciles (some national income quintiles at the boundaries between deciles are split between two deciles). Figure S1 shows the population share of each country in our bottom 4 European expenditure deciles in 2015. A 100% share thus means that all 5 national income quintiles of that country fall within the bottom 4 European expenditure deciles. This does not imply that there are no high-income households in those countries, but because this method uses average expenditure data from the national income quintiles, the aggregation cuts off the lower and higher tails of the respective national expenditure distributions.
