@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ We used the EE-MRIO model EXIOBASE for 2015 (version3.7, industry-by-industry) [
To integrate HBS data into EXIOBASE we created correspondence tables between the EXIOBASE sectors and the matching COICOP consumption categories used in the HBS. To this end we used the relative expenditure shares of each income quintile on the COICOP consumption categories in the HBS to disaggregate the matching EXIOBASE national household final demand expenditure per sector by income quintile. Using standard input-output techniques we calculated 'total' (i.e. direct and indirect supply chain) energy and carbon intensities per EXIOBASE sector, and multiplied them with the income-stratified EXIOBASE national household final demand expenditure, to estimate the supply chain part of national household energy and carbon footprints by national income quintile.
We report both primary and final energy footprints. In our empirical results we focus on primary energy footprints to capture the heterogeneity in the efficiency of energy supply technologies across Europe. These footprints are based on the 'net energy use: total' extension from EXIOBASE, which includes final energy use and losses [@usubiagaliano_energy_2020; @vita_durable_2021]. Net and primary energy use are treated as synonymous in this manuscript. The energy supply and demand scenarios discussed in the two final results sections report final energy use. We therefore explicitly compare them to the final energy component of our net energy footprints [@eurostat_physical_2014]. For calculating the carbon footprint, we used the EXIOBASE greenhouse gas (GHG) emission extensions CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, and PFCs (all in CO2-equivalence), from combustion, non-combustion, agriculture and waste, but not land-use change [@stadler_exiobase_2018]. Direct household energy use and carbon emissions are included in the environmental footprints.
We report both primary and final energy footprints. In our empirical results we focus on primary energy footprints to capture the heterogeneity in the efficiency of energy supply technologies across Europe. These footprints are based on the 'net energy use: total' extension from EXIOBASE, which includes final energy use and losses [@usubiagaliano_energy_2020; @vita_durable_2021]. Net and primary energy use are treated as synonymous in this manuscript. The energy supply and demand scenarios discussed in the two final results sections report final energy use. We therefore explicitly compare them to the final energy component of our net energy footprints [@eurostat_physical_2014]. For calculating the carbon footprint, we used the EXIOBASE greenhouse gas (GHG) emission extensions CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, and PFCs (all in CO2-equivalent), from combustion, non-combustion, agriculture and waste, but not land-use change [@stadler_exiobase_2018]. Direct household energy use and carbon emissions are included in the environmental footprints.
The environmental extensions we use are emissions of CO2-equivalence (in kilograms) and 'energy carrier net: total' (in terajoules). Our final energy use extension is created by subtracting 'energy carrier net: loss' from 'energy carrier net: total'. We create the CO2-equivalence extension by summing together the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, and PFCs, from combustion, noncombustion, agriculture and waste. We use Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for a 100-year time horizon taken from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report [@myhre_g._anthropogenic_2013 (p.73-79)]: 28 for CH4, 265 for N2O and 23500 for SF6 (HFCs and PFCs are in CO2-equivalence already in the EXIOBASE environmental extensions).
The environmental extensions we use are emissions of CO2-equivalent (in kilograms) and 'energy carrier net: total' (in terajoules). Our final energy use extension is created by subtracting 'energy carrier net: loss' from 'energy carrier net: total'. We create the CO2-equivalent extension by summing together the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, and PFCs, from combustion, noncombustion, agriculture and waste. We use Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for a 100-year time horizon taken from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report [@myhre_g._anthropogenic_2013 (p.73-79)]: 28 for CH4, 265 for N2O and 23500 for SF6 (HFCs and PFCs are in CO2-equivalent already in the EXIOBASE environmental extensions).
The creation of the net energy use extensions (final energy use extensions and losses) in EXIOBASE is explained in the supplementary information documents of [@usubiagaliano_energy_2020], [@mastrucci_framework_2020] and [@vita_durable_2021]. The extended energy balances of the International Energy Agency (IEA) are first split into gross energy supply and use tables, and converted from the territorial to residence principle following the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA). This first step was initially explained by Stadler et al. (2018) [@stadler_exiobase_2018] in their Supporting Information 2, where they describe the compilation of the EXIOBASE version 3 original energy extensions: primary energy supply, gross energy supply, gross energy use, and emission-relevant energy use.
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@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ The conversion to the residence principle means that the EXIOBASE energy extensi
#### Environmental extensions direct from households
For CO2-equivalence emissions and energy use direct from households, the EXIOBASE extensions provide one number of physical emissions and energy use direct from households per country. This number is made up of some mix between, primarily, direct household vehicle fuel use and direct household fuel use for housing heating and cooling, along with some other, smaller miscellaneous uses. To estimate the split between these three activities, we use two further EUROSTAT emissions and energy tables to split 'Total activities by households' between heating/cooling (HH_HEAT), transport activities (HH_TRA), and other (HH_OTH). Full definitions of what is included in these can be found in EUROSTAT's 'manual for air emissions accounts' (2015, p.66) [@eurostat_manual_2015]. While this disaggregation exists for nearly all EUROSTAT HBS countries, 2015 is the earliest year in our sample with complete coverage (except for Turkey in energy, which we impute using the Bulgarian splits). Therefore, we also use the 2015 splits between these 3 categories for our 2005 and 2010 estimates (the 2005 and 2010 results are shown only in this SI document). The two data tables are:
For CO2-equivalent emissions and energy use direct from households, the EXIOBASE extensions provide one number of physical emissions and energy use direct from households per country. This number is made up of some mix between, primarily, direct household vehicle fuel use and direct household fuel use for housing heating and cooling, along with some other, smaller miscellaneous uses. To estimate the split between these three activities, we use two further EUROSTAT emissions and energy tables to split 'Total activities by households' between heating/cooling (HH_HEAT), transport activities (HH_TRA), and other (HH_OTH). Full definitions of what is included in these can be found in EUROSTAT's 'manual for air emissions accounts' (2015, p.66) [@eurostat_manual_2015]. While this disaggregation exists for nearly all EUROSTAT HBS countries, 2015 is the earliest year in our sample with complete coverage (except for Turkey in energy, which we impute using the Bulgarian splits). Therefore, we also use the 2015 splits between these 3 categories for our 2005 and 2010 estimates (the 2005 and 2010 results are shown only in this SI document). The two data tables are:
1) For energy, the EUROSTAT data table 'Energy supply and use by NACE Rev. 2 activity' [env_ac_pefasu] at: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=env_ac_pefasu [accessed on 03.06.2020]. [@eurostat_eurostat_2021]
