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@article{druckman_carbon_2009,
title = {The carbon footprint of {UK} households 1990–2004: {A} socio-economically disaggregated, quasi-multi-regional input–output model},
volume = {68},
issn = {0921-8009},
shorttitle = {Methodological {Advancements} in the {Footprint} {Analysis}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800909000366},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.01.013},
abstract = {This paper presents a socio-economically disaggregated framework for attributing CO2 emissions to people's high level functional needs. Based around a quasi-multi-regional input–output (QMRIO) model, the study, in theory, takes into account all CO2 emissions that arise from energy used in production of goods and services to satisfy UK household demand, whether the emissions occur in the UK or abroad. Results show that CO2 emissions attributable to households were 15\% above 1990 levels in 2004, and that although absolute decoupling occurred between household expenditure and CO2 during the UK's switch from coal to gas in the early 1990s, since then only slight relative decoupling is evident. The proportion of CO2 that arises outside UK borders in support of UK consumption is rising, and reducing these emissions is particularly problematic in a global trading system. Investigation into the carbon footprint of different segments of the UK population shows wide variation: the segment with the highest carbon footprint emits 64\% more CO2 than the segment with the lowest. Results show that recreation and leisure are responsible for over one quarter of CO2 emissions in a typical UK household in 2004. We conclude that expanding lifestyle aspirations are significant factors in driving household CO2 emissions, but the study also emphasizes that attention must be paid to the infrastructures and institutions that result in considerable amounts of CO2 being locked up in basic household activities through which people meet their everyday needs for subsistence, protection, and communication with family and friends. The findings highlight the sheer scale of the challenge facing UK policy-makers, and suggest that policies should be targeted towards segments of society responsible for the highest carbon footprints.},
number = {7},
urldate = {2013-08-06},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Druckman, Angela and Jackson, Tim},
month = may,
year = {2009},
keywords = {carbon footprint, Case studies, CH12, zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {2066--2077},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/5K555CEX/Druckman and Jackson - 2009 - The carbon footprint of UK households 1990–2004 A.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/ZBGTZC8M/S0921800909000366.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/5N7S4MM8/S0921800909000366.html:text/html}
}
@article{chakravarty_sharing_2009,
title = {Sharing global {CO}2 emission reductions among one billion high emitters},
volume = {106},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/106/29/11884.short},
number = {29},
urldate = {2013-09-21},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
author = {Chakravarty, Shoibal and Chikkatur, Ananth and de Coninck, Heleen and Pacala, Stephen and Socolow, Robert and Tavoni, Massimo},
year = {2009},
keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {11884--11888},
file = {11884.full.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RQ4DQWTT/11884.full.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{wier_effects_2001,
title = {Effects of {Household} {Consumption} {Patterns} on {CO}2 {Requirements}},
volume = {13},
issn = {0953-5314},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537320120070149},
doi = {10.1080/09537320120070149},
abstract = {In order to evaluate the relation between the consumption pattern of various household types and their CO2 requirements, we combine input-output tables energy flow matrices, CO2 emissions factors, and national consumer survey statistics into an integrated modelling framework, and relate differences in household types to differences in private consumption and again to differences in CO2 emissions. We identify household characteristics with a significant influence on CO2 emissions. Comparing our results with those of other studies reveals that national differences in climate and population density cause differences in the contribution to CO2 emissions. Finally, national differences in income and expenditure elasticities of both energy and CO2 are due to differences in the disparity in CO2 intensities amongst commodities and to the model's assumptions on foreign technology.},
number = {3},
journal = {Economic Systems Research},
author = {Wier, Mette and Lenzen, Manfred and Munksgaard, Jesper and Smed, Sinne},
year = {2001},
keywords = {ukpaper, income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {259--274},
file = {T&F Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/6XTQ5D2M/09537320120070149.html:text/html}
}
@article{weber_quantifying_2008,
title = {Quantifying the global and distributional aspects of {American} household carbon footprint},
volume = {66},
issn = {0921-8009},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800907004934},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.09.021},
abstract = {Analysis of household consumption and its environmental impact remains one of the most important topics in sustainability research. Nevertheless, much past and recent work has focused on domestic national averages, neglecting both the growing importance of international trade on household carbon footprint and the variation between households of different income levels and demographics. Using consumer expenditure surveys and multi-country life cycle assessment techniques, this paper analyzes the global and distributional aspects of American household carbon footprint. We find that due to recently increased international trade, 30\% of total US household CO2 impact in 2004 occurred outside the US. Further, households vary considerably in their CO2 responsibilities: at least a factor of ten difference exists between low and high-impact households, with total household income and expenditure being the best predictors of both domestic and international portions of the total CO2 impact. The global location of emissions, which cannot be calculated using standard input–output analysis, and the variation of household impacts with income, have important ramifications for polices designed to lower consumer impacts on climate change, such as carbon taxes. The effectiveness and fairness of such policies hinges on a proper understanding of how income distributions, rebound effects, and international trade affect them.},
number = {2–3},
urldate = {2013-09-16},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Weber, Christopher L. and Matthews, H. Scott},
month = jun,
year = {2008},
keywords = {carbon footprint, Household consumption, CH12, income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {379--391},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QXX87ICB/Weber and Matthews - 2008 - Quantifying the global and distributional aspects .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/HQPQKHZI/S0921800907004934.html:text/html}
}
@article{ivanova_mapping_2017,
title = {Mapping the carbon footprint of {EU} regions},
volume = {12},
issn = {1748-9326},
url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/12/i=5/a=054013},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa6da9},
abstract = {While the EU Commission has encouraged Member States to combine national and international climate change mitigation measures with subnational environmental policies, there has been little harmonized effort towards the quantification of embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from household consumption across European regions. This study develops an inventory of carbon footprints associated with household consumption for 177 regions in 27 EU countries, thus, making a key contribution for the incorporation of consumption-based accounting into local decision-making. Footprint calculations are based on consumer expenditure surveys and environmental and trade detail from the EXIOBASE 2.3 multiregional input-output database describing the world economy in 2007 at the detail of 43 countries, 5 rest-of-the-world regions and 200 product sectors. Our analysis highlights the spatial heterogeneity of embodied GHG emissions within multiregional countries with subnational ranges varying widely between 0.6 and 6.5 tCO 2 e/cap. The significant differences in regional contribution in terms of total and per capita emissions suggest notable differences with regards to climate change responsibility. The study further provides a breakdown of regional emissions by consumption categories (e.g. housing, mobility, food). In addition, our region-level study evaluates driving forces of carbon footprints through a set of socio-economic, geographic and technical factors. Income is singled out as the most important driver for a region’s carbon footprint, although its explanatory power varies significantly across consumption domains. Additional factors that stand out as important on the regional level include household size, urban-rural typology, level of education, expenditure patterns, temperature, resource availability and carbon intensity of the electricity mix. The lack of cross-national region-level studies has so far prevented analysts from drawing broader policy conclusions that hold beyond national and regional borders.},
language = {en},
number = {5},
urldate = {2018-06-06},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
author = {Ivanova, Diana and Vita, Gibran and Steen-Olsen, Kjartan and Stadler, Konstantin and Melo, Patricia C. and Wood, Richard and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
year = {2017},
keywords = {carbon footprint, footprint analysis, Carbon accounting, Consumption-based carbon footprint, income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {054013},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VPGXNIAF/Ivanova et al. - 2017 - Mapping the carbon footprint of EU regions.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{grubler_low_2018,
title = {A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °{C} target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies},
volume = {3},
copyright = {cc\_by\_nc\_4},
issn = {2058-7546},
url = {https://rdcu.be/SOJx},
doi = {Grubler A <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/112.html>, Wilson C <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/333.html>, Bento N <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/2833.html>, Boza-Kiss B <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/2913.html>, Krey V <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/166.html>, McCollum D <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/203.html>, Rao N <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/243.html>, Riahi K <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/250.html>, et al. (2018). A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies. Nature Energy 3: 517-525. DOI:10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6 <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6>.},
abstract = {Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5 °C describe major transformations in energy supply and ever-rising energy demand. Here, we provide a contrasting perspective by developing a narrative of future change based on observable trends that results in low energy demand. We describe and quantify changes in activity levels and energy intensity in the global North and global South for all major energy services. We project that global final energy demand by 2050 reduces to 245 EJ, around 40\% lower than today, despite rises in population, income and activity. Using an integrated assessment modelling framework, we show how changes in the quantity and type of energy services drive structural change in intermediate and upstream supply sectors (energy and land use). Down-sizing the global energy system dramatically improves the feasibility of a low-carbon supply-side transformation. Our scenario meets the 1.5 °C climate target as well as many sustainable development goals, without relying on negative emission technologies.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2018-09-03},
journal = {Nature Energy},
author = {Grubler, A. and Wilson, C. and Bento, N. and Boza-Kiss, B. and Krey, V. and McCollum, D. and Rao, N. and Riahi, K. and Rogelj, J. and De Stercke, S. and Cullen, J. and Frank, S. and Fricko, O. and Guo, F. and Gidden, M. and Havlik, P. and Huppmann, D. and Kiesewetter, G. and Rafaj, P. and Schöpp, W. and Valin, H.},
month = jun,
year = {2018},
keywords = {health pnas},
pages = {517--525},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/MBMN93KC/15301.html:text/html}
}
@article{hickel_is_2018,
title = {Is it possible to achieve a good life for all within planetary boundaries?},
volume = {0},
issn = {0143-6597},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1535895},
doi = {10.1080/01436597.2018.1535895},
abstract = {The safe and just space framework devised by Raworth calls for the world’s nations to achieve key minimum thresholds in social welfare while remaining within planetary boundaries. Using data on social and biophysical indicators provided by O’Neill et al., this paper argues that it is theoretically possible to achieve a good life for all within planetary boundaries in poor nations by building on existing exemplary models and by adopting fairer distributive policies. However, the additional biophysical pressure that this entails at a global level requires that rich nations dramatically reduce their biophysical footprints by 40–50\%. Extant empirical studies suggest that this degree of reduction is unlikely to be achieved solely through efforts to decouple GDP growth from environmental impact, even under highly optimistic conditions. Therefore, for rich nations to fit within the boundaries of the safe and just space will require that they abandon growth as a policy objective and shift to post-capitalist economic models.},
number = {0},
urldate = {2018-12-10},
journal = {Third World Quarterly},
author = {Hickel, Jason},
month = dec,
year = {2018},
keywords = {planetary boundaries, Sustainable development, ecology, de-growth},
pages = {1--17},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/2CJCAFWB/01436597.2018.html:text/html}
}
@article{woodward_incrementum_2015,
title = {Incrementum ad {Absurdum}: {Global} {Growth}, {Inequality} and {Poverty} {Eradication} in a {Carbon}-{Constrained} {World}},
volume = {2015},
issn = {2049-3517},
shorttitle = {{\textless}em{\textgreater}{Incrementum} ad {Absurdum}{\textless}/em{\textgreater}},
url = {http://wer.worldeconomicsassociation.org/papers/incrementum-ad-absurdum-global-growth-inequality-and-poverty-eradication-in-a-carbon-constrained-world/},
abstract = {World Social and Economic Review},
language = {en},
number = {No 4, 2015},
urldate = {2019-03-05},
journal = {World Social and Economic Review},
author = {Woodward, David},
month = feb,
year = {2015},
keywords = {ingram\_paper, zk},
pages = {43},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VCQCGL8E/Woodward - 2015 - emIncrementum ad Absurdumem Global Growth, I.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AWBKUZVL/incrementum-ad-absurdum-global-growth-inequality-and-poverty-eradication-in-a-carbon-constraine.html:text/html}
}
@article{creutzig_towards_2018,
title = {Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating climate change},
volume = {8},
issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0121-1},
doi = {10.1038/s41558-018-0121-1},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2018-10-02},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
author = {Creutzig, Felix and Roy, Joyashree and Lamb, William F. and Azevedo, Inês M. L. and Bruine de Bruin, Wändi and Dalkmann, Holger and Edelenbosch, Oreane Y. and Geels, Frank W. and Grubler, Arnulf and Hepburn, Cameron and Hertwich, Edgar G. and Khosla, Radhika and Mattauch, Linus and Minx, Jan C. and Ramakrishnan, Anjali and Rao, Narasimha D. and Steinberger, Julia K. and Tavoni, Massimo and Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana and Weber, Elke U.},
month = apr,
year = {2018},
pages = {260--263},
file = {Creutzig et al. - 2018 - Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating clima.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7EJCPA2A/Creutzig et al. - 2018 - Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating clima.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{royston_invisible_2018,
title = {Invisible energy policies: {A} new agenda for energy demand reduction},
volume = {123},
issn = {03014215},
shorttitle = {Invisible energy policies},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421518305810},
doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.052},
abstract = {This article makes the case for a new and ambitious research and governance agenda for energy demand reduction. It argues that existing ‘demand-side’ approaches focused on promoting technological efficiency and informed individual consumption are unlikely to be adequate to achieving future carbon emissions reduction goals; it points out that very little attention has so far been paid to the impacts of non-energy policies on energy demand; and it submits that a much fuller integration of energy demand questions into policy is required. It advances a general framework, supported by illustrative examples, for understanding the impacts of ‘non-energy’ policies on energy demand. It reflects on why these connections have been so little explored and addressed within energy research and policy. And it argues that, for all their current ‘invisibility’, there is nonetheless scope for increasing the visibility of, and in effect ‘mainstreaming’, energy demand reduction objectives within other policy areas. Researchers and policymakers, we contend, need to develop better understandings of how energy demand might be made governable, and how non-energy policies might be revised, alone and in combination, to help steer long-term changes in energy demand.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2019-01-31},
journal = {Energy Policy},
author = {Royston, Sarah and Selby, Jan and Shove, Elizabeth},
month = dec,
year = {2018},
pages = {127--135},
file = {Royston et al. - 2018 - Invisible energy policies A new agenda for energy.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4V5T5WPH/Royston et al. - 2018 - Invisible energy policies A new agenda for energy.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{brand-correa_framework_2017,
title = {A {Framework} for {Decoupling} {Human} {Need} {Satisfaction} {From} {Energy} {Use}},
volume = {141},
issn = {09218009},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921800916308448},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.05.019},
abstract = {Climate change poses great challenges to modern societies, central amongst which is to decouple human need satisfaction from energy use. Energy systems are the main source of greenhouse gas emissions, and the services provided by energy (such as heating, power, transport and lighting) are vital to support human development. To address this challenge, we advocate for a eudaimonic need-centred understanding of human well-being, as opposed to hedonic subjective views of well-being. We also argue for a shift in the way we analyse energy demand, from energy throughput to energy services. By adopting these perspectives on either end of the wellbeing-energy spectrum, a “double decoupling” potential can be uncovered. We present a novel analytic framework and showcase several methodological approaches for analysing the relationship between, and decoupling of, energy services and human needs. We conclude by proposing future directions of research in this area based on the analytic framework.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2018-10-02},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Brand-Correa, Lina I. and Steinberger, Julia K.},
month = nov,
year = {2017},
keywords = {energy services, human needs, wellbeing},
pages = {43--52},
file = {Brand-Correa and Steinberger - 2017 - A Framework for Decoupling Human Need Satisfaction.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/P2VW2V2W/Brand-Correa and Steinberger - 2017 - A Framework for Decoupling Human Need Satisfaction.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{kalt_conceptualizing_2019,
title = {Conceptualizing energy services: {A} review of energy and well-being along the {Energy} {Service} {Cascade}},
volume = {53},
issn = {22146296},
shorttitle = {Conceptualizing energy services},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214629618311757},
doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.026},
abstract = {The concept of energy services is used in different contexts and scientific fields mainly to emphasize that it is the services provided by energy rather than energy carriers that people demand and that generate well-being. While the value of the concept is widely acknowledged, there are remarkable differences in how energy services are conceptualized.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2019-03-08},
journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
author = {Kalt, Gerald and Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Görg, Christoph and Haberl, Helmut},
month = jul,
year = {2019},
keywords = {Sustainability Transformation, End-use, Energy services, Well-being},
pages = {47--58},
file = {Kalt et al. - 2019 - Conceptualizing energy services A review of energ.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RQEPEFVB/Kalt et al. - 2019 - Conceptualizing energy services A review of energ.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@misc{beuret_emissions_2019,
title = {Emissions inequality: there is a gulf between global rich and poor},
shorttitle = {Emissions inequality},
url = {http://theconversation.com/emissions-inequality-there-is-a-gulf-between-global-rich-and-poor-113804},
abstract = {The planet's wealthiest people are directly responsible for most of the world's carbon emissions.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2019-07-16},
journal = {The Conversation},
author = {Beuret, Nicholas},
year = {2019},
keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
annote = {But that’s not all. While it’s relatively simple to account for the vast initial disparity – being rich after all is about having more money, more stuff, bigger super-yachts and houses – this fails to account for the entirety of the disparity. Being wealthy gives you more political influence. It means funding political parties and campaigns, having access to law makers and lobbyists. And it means control over major corporations, and thus power over the businesses and industries which produce most of the carbon emissions.},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/9KKNKF6H/emissions-inequality-there-is-a-gulf-between-global-rich-and-poor-113804.html:text/html}
}
@article{piketty_carbon_2015,
title = {Carbon and inequality: from {Kyoto} to {Paris}},
shorttitle = {Carbon and inequality},
journal = {Paris Sch Econ (www. parisschoolofeconomics. eu/en/news/carbon-and-inequality-from-kyoto-to-parischancel-piketty/)},
author = {Piketty, Thomas and Chancel, Lucas},
year = {2015},
keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints, blog\_ineq},
file = {Full Text:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RZLX7FPR/Piketty and Chancel - 2015 - Carbon and inequality from Kyoto to Paris.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{thomassen_inequality_2018,
title = {Inequality and {Diet}: {How} {Are} {Environmental} {Impacts} from {Food} {Consumption} {Distributed} {Across} {Different} {Socioeconomic} {Groups} {Globally}?},
shorttitle = {Inequality and {Diet}},
url = {https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2562779},
abstract = {In the age of globalization, rapid population growth, increased flow of products across borders and a rising demand for food, have been rising concern amongst international organizations. On the other hand, globalization has also largely contributed to increasing the level of world development, thus lifted millions out of poverty. However, recent reports reveal that this has failed to include everyone even though average development is rising, inequality is becoming an escalating problem. With expectations of a population of 9.15 billion by 2050, the agricultural sector will be required to expand its production significantly in the coming decades to ensure food security for everyone. Moreover, through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN published in 2016, the aspirations to mitigate climate change, reduce inequality and eradicate hunger were expressed, which further rose awareness around these issues. However, an arising challenge with the SDGs is how the policies towards them may negatively affect each other. Eradicating hunger might mean that increased food production is necessary, which again might influence the climate negatively a factor that has been shown to increase inequality. Further, some studies have pointed towards a correlation between rising development levels and environmental footprints, however, few have addressed this on a socioeconomic level. Also, some researchers have found Environmental Gini Coefficients (EGCs) from consumption of all commodities, however, conspicuously few have considered only food products. Therefore, even though rising environmental impacts from food are observed, addressing who i.e. which regions and income quintiles is actually responsible for this and how this might further affect inequality is yet to be examined. The question comes down to this how can we ensure food security while at the same time foster climate change mitigation and reduce inequality? an issue that will be approached by delving into consumption habits of people in different socioeconomic levels.
In this study, the environmental impacts of food consumption were measured for 44 countries and 5 regions over an eight-year period (2004-2011) for five different income quintiles. The impacts were assessed in terms of three footprint categories; global warming potential (GWP), land use (LU) and blue water consumption (BWC). To address the footprint distribution across the quintiles, the Environmental Gini Coefficients (EGC) were calculated for each year. Further, Income Gini Coefficients (IGC) and the Human Development Index (HDI) were included to see the results in a development perspective. Ultimately, the contribution to the footprints of each food product was calculated. Information on quintile consumption from the environmentally extended Input-Output database EXIOBASE, income shares from The World Bank and World Income Inequality Database and HDI from the UNDP were imported to MATLAB for calculations.
The results argue that all global footprints from food consumption have been increasing in absolute and per capita values since 2004. The largest rise was observed for the two upper quintiles, which additionally had a share of 59-61\% combined of total global footprints from food consumption in 2011. Globally, the upper middle class (quintile 4) was found to have the most increasing GWP FP and LU FP. Further, the global GWP FP and LU FP were observed to be decreasing during The Global Financial Crisis around 2008, where the footprints from the poorest quintiles were found to be the most sensitive to the economic changes caused by the crisis. The EGCs were observed to be steadily increasing from 2004 to values of 0.379 (GWP), 0.389 (LU) and 0.374 (BWC) in 2011. Regionally, China, United States, Indonesia and RoW Africa were found to experience rising footprint inequality, whereas Norway and Brazil were growing more equal. Meat from cattle, milk and dairy were observed to have the most impact on GWP and LU, whereas wheat and nuts were most important for BWC. The global results indicate that environmental impacts from food is increasingly caused by those of higher income groups, thus the distribution of footprints is growing more unequal.},
language = {eng},
urldate = {2019-07-16},
author = {Thomassen, Kristin Muller},
year = {2018},
keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
annote = {The global results indicate that environmental impacts from food is increasingly caused by those of higher income groups, thus the distribution of footprints is growing more unequal},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/DMBJXCLQ/Thomassen - 2018 - Inequality and Diet How Are Environmental Impacts.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4L3RWKAV/2562779.html:text/html}
}
@book{isenhour_power_2019,
title = {Power and {Politics} in {Sustainable} {Consumption} {Research} and {Practice}},
isbn = {978-1-351-67731-8},
abstract = {With growing awareness of environmental deterioration, atmospheric pollution and resource depletion, the last several decades have brought increased attention and scrutiny to global consumption levels. However, there are significant and well documented limitations associated with current efforts to encourage more sustainable consumption patterns, ranging from informational and time constraints to the highly individualizing effect of market-based participation. This volume, featuring essays solicited from experts engaged in sustainable consumption research from around the world, presents empirical and theoretical illustrations of the various means through which politics and power influence (un)sustainable consumption practices, policies and perspectives. With chapters on compelling topics including collective action, behaviour-change and the transition movement, the authors discuss why current efforts have largely failed to meet environmental targets and explore promising directions for research, policy and practice. Featuring contributions that will help the reader open up politics and power in ways that are accessible and productive and bridge the gaps with current approaches to sustainable consumption, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of sustainable consumption and the politics of sustainability.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Isenhour, Cindy and Martiskainen, Mari and Middlemiss, Lucie},
month = mar,
year = {2019},
note = {Google-Books-ID: EtqMDwAAQBAJ},
keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Sustainable Development, Science / Environmental Science, Nature / Ecology, zk, paper\_inequality, Political Science / Public Policy / Environmental Policy, income-stratified-footprints},
file = {Screenshot from 2019-07-16 14-13-49.png:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CR5AZYBK/Screenshot from 2019-07-16 14-13-49.png:image/png}
}
@incollection{hubacek_global_2017,
title = {Global income inequality and carbon footprints: {Can} we have the cake and eat it too?},
shorttitle = {Global income inequality and carbon footprints},
booktitle = {Environmental and {Economic} {Impacts} of {Decarbonization}},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Hubacek, Klaus and Baiocchi, Giovanni and Feng, Kuishuang and Castillo, Raúl Muñoz and Sun, Laixiang and Xue, Jinjun},
year = {2017},
keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {111--124},
annote = {Our results show that when focusing on countries and averages we miss lots of interesting information. There are huge differences in carbon footprints between as well as within countries. A general finding is that the higher the income the higher the carbon footprint. There is no leveling off. Higher incomes generate higher carbon footprints. There are interesting differences between countries. For example, in US income groups are associated with higher carbon emissions when compared to equivalent groups in European countries. We will present some reasons of why that is the case. When looking at poor countries we find huge disparities between the carbon footprint of the rich versus the poor which for some very poor countries differ by several order of magnitudes,and are generally much larger than differences between rich and poor in rich countries such as the US and Europe. The global middle class is the main contributor to global carbon emissions thus it is not surprisingly that adding to the middle class by moving people out of poverty adds significantly to global carbon emissions and makes global targets for mitigating greenhouse gases more difficult to achieve given the pace of technological progress, fossil fuel dependence and generally increasing carbon emissions with higher income.},
file = {Hubacek et al. - 2017 - Global income inequality and carbon footprints Ca.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/EYCER6TS/Hubacek et al. - 2017 - Global income inequality and carbon footprints Ca.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RHP5HJKB/9781315225937-6.html:text/html}
}
@article{ottelin_carbon_2018,
title = {Carbon and material footprints of a welfare state: {Why} and how governments should enhance green investments},
volume = {86},
issn = {1462-9011},
shorttitle = {Carbon and material footprints of a welfare state},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901117311802},
doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2018.04.011},
abstract = {Sustainable development and climate change mitigation have become guiding policy principles in many welfare states. However, the traditional role of a welfare state is to guarantee the economic stability, jobs and welfare for its citizens. Sustainable development leans on the idea that we can have economic, social and environmental sustainability at the same time. This would require decoupling of economic growth from environmental degradation. Decoupling should be studied globally, because within nations, the economy can grow while local environmental impacts decrease, but at the same time, global environmental impacts may increase due to international trade. In this study, we examine the consumption-based carbon and material footprints of a Nordic welfare state, Finland. We focus on the environmental impacts of public spending, which has received little attention previously. In welfare states, the reallocation of public funds to services and individuals are at its core. In the study, we examine how this affects the carbon and material footprints of various income groups and household types. We find that the share of public services and investments is 19\% of the carbon footprint and 38\% of the material footprint per capita. Building of infrastructure plays a major role in composing the material footprint. We also find that the welfare state has important features that improve the carbon equity between the citizens. To achieve absolute decoupling, required to reduce environmental impacts caused by economic activities, we suggest policies promoting public and private green investments. In addition, increased carbon pricing would enhance green investments and drive environmental innovation.},
urldate = {2019-07-16},
journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
author = {Ottelin, Juudit and Heinonen, Jukka and Junnila, Seppo},
month = aug,
year = {2018},
keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, Carbon footprint, Carbon equity, Carbon pricing, Green investments, Material footprint, Welfare state, income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {1--10},
annote = {
Welfare services and income transfers increase carbon equity in welfare states.
Green investments could reduce footprints without causing unwanted rebound effects.
},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VV9ZDERK/Ottelin et al. - 2018 - Carbon and material footprints of a welfare state.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/3CUWHJYD/S1462901117311802.html:text/html}
}
@article{hubacek_global_2017-1,
title = {Global carbon inequality},
volume = {2},
issn = {2363-8338},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-017-0072-9},
doi = {10.1007/s40974-017-0072-9},
abstract = {Global climate change and inequality are inescapably linked both in terms of who contributes climate change and who suffers the consequences. This fact is also partly reflected in two United Nations (UN) processes: on the one hand, the Paris Agreement of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change under which countries agreed to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and, on the other hand, the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals aiming to end poverty. These agreements are seen as important foundation to put the world nations on a sustainable pathway. However, how these agreements can be achieved or whether they are even mutually compatible is less clear. We explore the global carbon inequality between and within countries and the carbon implications of poverty alleviation by combining detailed consumer expenditure surveys for different income categories for a wide range of countries with an environmentally extended multi-regional input–output approach to estimate carbon footprints of different household groups, globally, and assess the carbon implications of moving the poorest people out of poverty. Given the current context, increasing income leads to increasing carbon footprints and makes global targets for mitigating greenhouse gases more difficult to achieve given the pace of technological progress and current levels of fossil fuel dependence. We conclude that the huge level of carbon inequality requires a critical discussion of undifferentiated income growth. Current carbon-intensive lifestyles and consumption patterns need to enter the climate discourse to a larger extent.},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2019-07-16},
journal = {Energy, Ecology and Environment},
author = {Hubacek, Klaus and Baiocchi, Giovanni and Feng, Kuishuang and Muñoz Castillo, Raúl and Sun, Laixiang and Xue, Jinjun},
month = dec,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Mitigation, Greenhouse gases, Input–output analysis, Climate change, zk, paper\_inequality, Consumption patterns, Lifestyles, Poverty, income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {361--369},
file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/JFL54LHB/Hubacek et al. - 2017 - Global carbon inequality.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{gore_extreme_2015,
title = {Extreme {Carbon} {Inequality}: {Why} the {Paris} climate deal must put the poorest, lowest emitting and most vulnerable people first},
shorttitle = {Extreme {Carbon} {Inequality}},
author = {Gore, Timothy},
year = {2015},
keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
file = {Gore - 2015 - Extreme Carbon Inequality Why the Paris climate d.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IS88YUPI/Gore - 2015 - Extreme Carbon Inequality Why the Paris climate d.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4L26QH4U/582545.html:text/html}
}
@article{kenner_inequality_2015,
title = {Inequality of overconsumption: {The} ecological footprint of the richest},
shorttitle = {Inequality of overconsumption},
journal = {Cambridge, Global Sustainability Institute, Anglia Ruskin University},
author = {Kenner, Dario},
year = {2015},
keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
file = {Full Text:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/D2TRPWU7/Kenner - 2015 - Inequality of overconsumption The ecological foot.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@book{kleinhuckelkotten_reprasentative_2016,
title = {Repräsentative {Erhebung} von {Pro}-{Kopf}- {Verbräuchen} natürlicher {Ressourcen} in {Deutschland} (nach {Bevölkerungsgruppen})},
url = {https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/repraesentative-erhebung-von-pro-kopf-verbraeuchen},
abstract = {Welchen CO2-Ausstoß haben unterschiedliche Bevölkerungsgruppen? Wovon hängt ein niedriger oder hoher Umweltverbrauch ab? Welche Rolle spielen verschiedene Umwelteinstellungen? Welche Rolle das Einkommen? Der Bericht liefert Antworten auf diese Fragen. Mittels einer Repräsentativbefragung von gut 1.000 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern aus ganz Deutschland wurden unter anderem Daten und Informationen zu den Bereichen Heizung, Warmwasserverbrauch, Wäschewaschen und -trocknen, Kühlen und Gefrieren, Kochen, Beleuchtung, Geräte der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik, Alltagsmobilität, Urlaubsreisen, Nahrung, Kleidung, Saunabesuch und Haustierhaltung abgefragt. Themen waren weiterhin eigene Anlagen zur Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien bzw. Beteiligungen an solchen Anlagen und Kompensationszahlungen für CO2-Emissionen. Die gängigen soziodemografischen Daten wurden erhoben und Einstellungen abgefragt, anhand derer eine Zuordnung der Befragten zu sechs sozialen Milieusegmenten möglich war.Die statistischen Analysen bestätigen die Vermutung, dass vor allem das Einkommen einen zentralen Treiber für den Ressourcenverbrauch darstellt. Der Energieverbrauch nimmt mit dem Alter zu, ist bei Männern größer als bei Frauen und sinkt tendenziell mit der Haushaltsgröße. Bemerkenswert ist, dass er in den sozialen Milieusegmenten mit verbreitet positiven Umwelteinstellungen überdurchschnittlich hoch ist. Detaillierte Auswertungen für die einzelnen Energieverbrauchsbereiche ergeben zum Teil sehr komplexe Abhängigkeiten von soziodemografischen Merkmalen und Einstellungen der Befragten.},
language = {de},
urldate = {2019-07-16},
publisher = {Umweltbundesamt},
author = {Kleinhückelkotten, Silke and Neitzke, H.-Peter and Moser, Stephanie},
month = apr,
year = {2016},
keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/L9KI9BJX/repraesentative-erhebung-von-pro-kopf-verbraeuchen.html:text/html}
}
@article{otto_shift_2019,
title = {Shift the focus from the super-poor to the super-rich},
volume = {9},
copyright = {2019 Springer Nature Limited},
issn = {1758-6798},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0402-3},
doi = {10.1038/s41558-019-0402-3},
abstract = {Carbon mitigation efforts often focus on the world’s poorest people, dealing with topics such as food and energy security, and increased emissions potential from projected population, income and consumption growth. However, more policies are needed that target people at the opposite end of the social ladder — the super-rich.},
language = {En},
number = {2},
urldate = {2019-07-16},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
author = {Otto, Ilona M. and Kim, Kyoung Mi and Dubrovsky, Nika and Lucht, Wolfgang},
month = feb,
year = {2019},
keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {82},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/329L5PCV/Otto et al. - 2019 - Shift the focus from the super-poor to the super-r.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4YYNU3YI/s41558-019-0402-3.html:text/html}
}
@article{vita_connecting_2019,
title = {Connecting global emissions to fundamental human needs and their satisfaction},
volume = {14},
issn = {1748-9326},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faae6e0},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aae6e0},
abstract = {While quality of life (QOL) is the result of satisfying human needs, our current provision strategies result in global environmental degradation. To ensure sustainable QOL, we need to understand the environmental impact of human needs satisfaction. In this paper we deconstruct QOL, and apply the fundamental human needs framework developed by Max-Neef et al to calculate the carbon and energy footprints of subsistence, protection, creation, freedom, leisure, identity, understanding and participation. We find that half of global carbon emissions are driven by subsistence and protection. A similar amount are due to freedom, identity, creation and leisure together, whereas understanding and participation jointly account for less than 4\% of global emissions. We use 35 objective and subjective indicators to evaluate human needs satisfaction and their associated carbon footprints across nations. We find that the relationship between QOL and environmental impact is more complex than previously identified through aggregated or single indicators. Satisfying needs such as protection, identity and leisure is generally not correlated with their corresponding footprints. In contrast, the likelihood of satisfying needs for understanding, creation, participation and freedom, increases steeply when moving from low to moderate emissions, and then stagnates. Most objective indicators show a threshold trend with respect to footprints, but most subjective indicators show no relationship, except for freedom and creation. Our study signals the importance of considering both subjective and objective satisfaction to assess QOL-impact relationships at the needs level. In this way, resources could be strategically invested where they strongly relate to social outcomes, and spared where non-consumption satisfiers could be more effective. Through this approach, decoupling human needs satisfaction from environmental damage becomes more attainable.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2019-06-03},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
author = {Vita, Gibran and Hertwich, Edgar G. and Stadler, Konstantin and Wood, Richard},
month = jan,
year = {2019},
pages = {014002},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/BU3JL5JA/Vita et al. - 2019 - Connecting global emissions to fundamental human n.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{ridzuan_inequality_2019,
title = {Inequality and the environmental {Kuznets} curve},
volume = {228},
issn = {0959-6526},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652619313757},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.284},
abstract = {Is income inequality harmful to the environment? The answer to this question has not reached a consensus in the literature. This study seeks to provide insight into this question by examining the influence of income inequality on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), i.e., the impact of income inequality on the EKC turning point. Two potential mechanisms through which inequality may affect the EKC turning point: by reducing public demand for environmental protection and by increasing a power of capital owners to prevent such protection. Using a large sample (N = 170–174) of countries, we find evidence of the EKC for SO2 emissions and income inequality has a significant impact on the EKC turning point. Income inequality increases the EKC turning point, suggesting that high inequality can be damaging to the environment. The results are robust to potential outliers, different data sources of income inequality, a different SO2 emissions measure, changes in model specification, different samples and an alternative estimation method. We also find that inequality appears to be more important than corruption in determining the EKC turning point.},
urldate = {2019-12-18},
journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
author = {Ridzuan, Sulhi},
month = aug,
year = {2019},
keywords = {Environmental Kuznets curve, income-stratified-footprints, Environmental degradation, Income inequality, SO emissions},
pages = {1472--1481},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/T3GSJ3D2/Ridzuan - 2019 - Inequality and the environmental Kuznets curve.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/WSIXXXFN/S0959652619313757.html:text/html}
}
@article{berthe_mechanisms_2015,
title = {Mechanisms explaining the impact of economic inequality on environmental deterioration},
volume = {116},
issn = {09218009},
url = {http://journals.scholarsportal.info/detailsundefined},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.04.026},
abstract = {Abstract Rising economic inequality, often considered intrinsically harmful, is increasingly being viewed as having a number of secondary impacts as well, including impacts on health and economic growth. The ongoing nature of today's environmental crisis also raises questions about inequality's role in environmental deterioration. Despite the large number of papers that have been written on this topic, no theoretical or empirical consensus presently exists. Firstly, our article identifies that authors' conclusions in this area depend on their hypotheses regarding 1) the relationship between individual income and individual environmental pressure, 2) the impact of inequality on the social norms that influence individual environmental pressure, 3) the interests that social groups have in degrading or protecting the environment, 4) how these interests play out in terms of political demands, and 5) how these political demands translate into political decisions. Secondly, the study shows that, despite enabling a general test of the causal relationship between inequality and the environment, the empirical methods utilised do not account for the full range of theoretical mechanisms in play. Hence the suggestion that a research programme be launched to conduct empirical studies of the five aforementioned hypotheses by applying a recursive approach. Highlights • The paper compares theories analysing the effect of inequality in the environment. • Our framework identifies the mechanisms at work in these theories. • In the empirical literature, inequality is found to negatively affect biodiversity and environmental policy. • Current empirical methods do not account for the variety of theoretical mechanisms. • An investigatory strategy is proposed to overcome this limitation.},
number = {Complete},
urldate = {2019-12-18},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Berthe, Alexandre and Elie, Luc},
year = {2015},
keywords = {Economic inequality, income-stratified-footprints, Environmental policies, Environmental pressures, ineq-enviro-statistical-analysis},
pages = {191--200}
}
@article{scruggs_political_1998,
title = {Political and economic inequality and the environment},
volume = {26},
issn = {0921-8009},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecolec/v_3a26_3ay_3a1998_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a259-275.htm},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-01-15},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Scruggs, Lyle},
year = {1998},
note = {tex.ids: scruggsPoliticalEconomicInequality1998a},
keywords = {income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {259--275},
file = {RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UVWX2K9A/v_3a26_3ay_3a1998_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a259-275.html:text/html;RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CA6Z8PXK/v_3a26_3ay_3a1998_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a259-275.html:text/html}
}
@article{dynan_rich_2004,
title = {Do the {Rich} {Save} {More}?},
volume = {112},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/ucpjpolec/v_3a112_3ay_3a2004_3ai_3a2_3ap_3a397-444.htm},
abstract = {The question of whether higherlifetime income households save a larger fraction of their income was the subject of much debate in the 1950s and 1960s, and while not resolved, it remains central to the evaluation of tax and macroeconomic policies. We resolve this long-standing question using new empirical methods applied to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the Survey of Consumer Finances, and the Consumer Expenditure Survey. We find a strong positive relationship between saving rates and lifetime income and a weaker but still positive relationship between the marginal propensity to save and lifetime income. There is little support for theories that seek to explain these positive correlations by relying solely on time preference rates, nonhomothetic preferences, or variations in Social Security benefits. There is more support for models emphasizing uncertainty with respect to income and health expenses, bequest motives, and asset-based means testing or behavioral factors causing minimal saving rates among low-income households.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2020-01-15},
journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
author = {Dynan, Karen E. and Skinner, Jonathan and Zeldes, Stephen},
year = {2004},
keywords = {income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {397--444},
file = {RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IQ24GCAU/v_3a112_3ay_3a2004_3ai_3a2_3ap_3a397-444.html:text/html}
}
@article{ala-mantila_relationship_2014,
title = {Relationship between urbanization, direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, and expenditures: {A} multivariate analysis},
issn = {0921-8009},
shorttitle = {Relationship between urbanization, direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, and expenditures},
url = {https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/relationship-between-urbanization-direct-and-indirect-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-expenditures-a-multivariate-analysis(9e80cbaa-3768-4b75-b321-785a57dd4482).html},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.019},
language = {English},
number = {104},
urldate = {2020-01-15},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Ala-Mantila, Sanna and Heinonen, Jukka and Junnila, Seppo},
year = {2014},
note = {tex.ids: ala-mantilaRelationshipUrbanizationDirect2014},
keywords = {Climate change and urbanity, Environmentally extended input–output model, Household consumption, Multivariate regression model, income-stratified-footprints},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/KN564B5W/Ala-Mantila et al. - 2014 - Relationship between urbanization, direct and indi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/JX4NJC5V/S0921800914001281.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/L66IAAIA/relationship-between-urbanization-direct-and-indirect-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-expenditures.html:text/html}
}
@article{roberts_four_2020,
title = {Four agendas for research and policy on emissions mitigation and well-being},
volume = {3},
issn = {2059-4798},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-sustainability/article/four-agendas-for-research-and-policy-on-emissions-mitigation-and-wellbeing/FF21DE61152F97ACA39B041E1E016CA7#.XiAyWbVC2LY.twitter},
doi = {10.1017/sus.2019.25},
abstract = {The climate crisis requires nations to achieve human well-being with low national levels of carbon emissions. Countries vary from one another dramatically in how effectively they convert resources into well-being, and some nations with low levels of emissions have relatively high objective and subjective well-being. We identify urgent research and policy agendas for four groups of countries with either low or high emissions and well-being indicators. Least studied are those with low well-being and high emissions. Understanding social and political barriers to switching from high-carbon to lower-carbon modes of production and consumption, and ways to overcome them, will be fundamental.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-01-16},
journal = {Global Sustainability},
author = {Roberts, J. Timmons and Steinberger, Julia K. and Dietz, Thomas and Lamb, William F. and York, Richard and Jorgenson, Andrew K. and Givens, Jennifer E. and Baer, Paul and Schor, Juliet B.},
year = {2020},
keywords = {climate change, decoupling, development pathways, low-carbon, well-being},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4VX89R2B/Roberts et al. - 2020 - Four agendas for research and policy on emissions .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/XCYHBSBC/FF21DE61152F97ACA39B041E1E016CA7.html:text/html}
}
@article{heil_inequality_1997,
title = {Inequality in {CO}2 {Emissions} {Between} {Poor} and {Rich} {Countries}},
volume = {6},
issn = {1070-4965},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/107049659700600404},
doi = {10.1177/107049659700600404},
abstract = {Threatened by global warming, most countries agree on the importance of global greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Yet disagreements persist on the distributional issues involved. Poor countries challenge historical and current inequalities in per capita emissions. Rich countries fear the disruptions that may accompany future reductions of their emissions. This article measures the inequality in per capita CO2emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production and the contributions of poor and rich countries to this inequality through a group decomposition of the Gini index 1960 to 1990. Emissions became only marginally less unequal over the period. The impact on inequality of proposals to curtail future emissions through reductions proportional to current emissions, gross domestic product, and population, as well as fixed and sliding combinations, are discussed. Finally, it is shown how the Gini analysis could be applied to quasi-emissions, which incorporate emissions transactions through a tradable emissions permit system and/or joint implementation.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2020-01-22},
journal = {The Journal of Environment \& Development},
author = {Heil, Mark T. and Wodon, Quentin T.},
month = dec,
year = {1997},
keywords = {income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {426--452},
file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VPFAZZ3R/Heil and Wodon - 1997 - Inequality in CO2 Emissions Between Poor and Rich .pdf:application/pdf}
}
@techreport{gough_distribution_2011,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {The {Distribution} of {Total} {Greenhouse} {Gas} {Emissions} by {Households} in the {UK}, and {Some} {Implications} for {Social} {Policy}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1935761},
abstract = {This paper maps the distribution of total direct and embodied emissions of greenhouse gases by households in the UK and goes on to analyse their main drivers. Previous research has studied the distribution of direct emissions by households, notably from domestic fuel and electricity, but this is the first to cover the indirect emissions embodied in the consumption of food, consumer goods and services, including imports. To study total emissions by British households we link an input-output model of the UK economy to the UK Expenditure and Food Survey. Results are presented as descriptive statistics followed by regression analysis. All categories of per capita emission rise with income which is the main driver. Two other variables are always significant: household composition, partly reflecting economies of scale in consumption and emissions in larger households, and employment status. This 'standard' model explains 35\% of variation in total emissions, reflecting further variation within income groups and household types. We also compute the distribution of emissions derived from the consumption of welfare state services: here, lower income and pensioner households 'emit' more due to their greater use of these services. To take further account of the social implications of these findings, we first estimate emissions per £ of income. This shows a reverse slope with emissions per £ rising as one descends the income scale. The decline with income is especially acute for domestic energy, housing and food emissions, 'necessary' expenditures with a lower income elasticity of demand. Next, we move away from per capita emissions by assuming children under 14 emit half that of adults, which reduces disparities between household types. To implement personal carbon allowances, further research will be needed into the carbon allowances of children and single person households. Current government policies to raise carbon prices mainly in domestic energy are found to be especially regressive, but tracking total carbon consumption within a country would require radical changes in monitoring carbon flows at national borders. In the meantime, poorly targeted policies to compensate 'fuel poor' families should give way to more radical 'eco-social' policies, such as house retrofitting, coupled with 'social' tariffs for domestic energy.},
language = {en},
number = {ID 1935761},
urldate = {2020-01-22},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Gough, Ian and Abdallah, Saamah and Johnson, Victoria and Ryan-Collins, Josh and Smith, Cindy},
month = jul,
year = {2011},
keywords = {income-stratified-footprints, and Some Implications for Social Policy, Cindy Smith, Ian Gough, Josh Ryan-Collins, Saamah Abdallah, SSRN, The Distribution of Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Households in the UK, Victoria Johnson},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/63DSRKHE/papers.html:text/html}
}
@article{moser_good_2018,
title = {Good {Intents}, but {Low} {Impacts}: {Diverging} {Importance} of {Motivational} and {Socioeconomic} {Determinants} {Explaining} {Pro}-{Environmental} {Behavior}, {Energy} {Use}, and {Carbon} {Footprint}},
volume = {50},
issn = {0013-9165},
shorttitle = {Good {Intents}, but {Low} {Impacts}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916517710685},
doi = {10.1177/0013916517710685},
abstract = {Earlier research has yielded contradictory results as to the main drivers of environmentally significant behavior. Intent-oriented research has stressed the importance of motivational aspects, while impact-oriented research has drawn attention to people’s socioeconomic status. In this study, we investigated the diverging role of a pro-environmental stance under these two research perspectives. Data from a German survey (N = 1,012) enabled assessment of per capita energy use, and individual carbon footprints (impact-related measures), pro-environmental behavior (an intent-related measure), and behavior indicators varying in environmental impact and intent. Regression analyses revealed people’s environmental self-identity to be the main predictor of pro-environmental behavior; however, environmental self-identity played an ambiguous role in predicting actual environmental impacts. Instead, environmental impacts were best predicted by people’s income level. Our results show that individuals with high pro-environmental self-identity intend to behave in an ecologically responsible way, but they typically emphasize actions that have relatively small ecological benefits.},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2020-01-22},
journal = {Environment and Behavior},
author = {Moser, Stephanie and Kleinhückelkotten, Silke},
month = jul,
year = {2018},
keywords = {carbon footprint, environmental impact, energy use, income-stratified-footprints, environmental self-identity, pro-environmental behavior},
pages = {626--656},
file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IH9NVAVJ/Moser and Kleinhückelkotten - 2018 - Good Intents, but Low Impacts Diverging Importanc.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@techreport{ummel_who_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Who {Pollutes}? {A} {Household}-{Level} {Database} of {America}'s {Greenhouse} {Gas} {Footprint}},
shorttitle = {Who {Pollutes}?},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2622751},
abstract = {This paper describes the creation of a database providing estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) footprints for 6 million US households over the period 2008-2012. The database allows analysis of footprints for 52 types of consumption (e.g. electricity, gasoline, apparel, beef, air travel, etc.) within and across geographic regions as small as individual census tracts. Potential research applications with respect to carbon pricing and tax policy are discussed. Preliminary analysis reveals:},
language = {en},
number = {ID 2622751},
urldate = {2020-01-22},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Ummel, Kevin},
month = oct,
year = {2014},
keywords = {climate change, environment, air pollution, income-stratified-footprints, greenhouse gases},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/5MNZKYCE/papers.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{buchs_uk_2013,
title = {{UK} {Households}' {Carbon} {Footprint}: {A} {Comparison} of the {Association} between {Household} {Characteristics} and {Emissions} from {Home} {Energy}, {Transport} and {Other} {Goods} and {Services}},
shorttitle = {{UK} {Households}' {Carbon} {Footprint}},
url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp7204.html},
abstract = {Does the association between household characteristics and household CO2 emissions differ for different areas such as home energy, transport, indirect and total emissions in the UK? Specific types of households might be more likely to have high emissions in some areas than in others and thus be affected differently by climate mitigation policies that target these areas. Using the Living Costs and Food Survey and Expenditure and Food Survey for the years 2006 to 2009, this paper compares how household characteristics like income, household size, rural/urban location and education level differ in their association with home energy, transport, indirect and total emissions. We find that the association between household characteristics and emissions differs considerably across these areas, particularly for income, education, the presence of children, female headed, workless and rural households. We also test the implicit assumption in the literature that the association between household characteristics and CO2 emission is constant across the CO2 emission distribution using quantile regressions and compare results for poor and rich households. The analysis considers policy implications of these findings throughout.},
language = {en},
number = {7204},
urldate = {2020-01-22},
institution = {Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
author = {Buchs, Milena and Schnepf, Sylke V.},
month = feb,
year = {2013},
keywords = {inequality, income-stratified-footprints, carbon dioxide emissions, climate change mitigation policies, living costs and food survey, United Kingdom},
file = {Fullext PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/Y646JZHS/Buchs and Schnepf - 2013 - UK Households' Carbon Footprint A Comparison of t.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/8CQNRIVM/dp7204.html:text/html}
}
@article{shigetomi_influence_2016,
title = {Influence of income difference on carbon and material footprints for critical metals: the case of {Japanese} households},
volume = {5},
shorttitle = {Influence of income difference on carbon and material footprints for critical metals},
doi = {10.1186/s40008-015-0033-4},
abstract = {This study simultaneously analyzed the carbon and material footprints for three critical metals (neodymium, cobalt, and platinum) in Japanese households with different income levels. These metals are critical for new energy technologies, such as electric vehicles and rechargeable batteries, and are thus central to carbon footprint reductions. The policy implications of the trade-offs between GHG mitigation and critical metal consumption are considered within the context of differences in income. A global link input–output model representing national and international supply chains was employed to quantify the footprints according to household income quintile. In addition, the square root scaling method was used to compare footprints among households, considering differences in household size and their footprint characteristics. It is found that the degree of similarity among the carbon and material footprints for the three target metals was not very high [Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between them were 0.34 (neodymium), 0.63 (cobalt), and 0.10 (platinum)], implying that differences in relative household demand should be carefully considered based on differences in target footprints. The results of this study were compared to a similar study conducted in the UK to identify similarities and differences among footprints. In both countries, the carbon footprint intensity of household expenditure decreases as household income increases. The findings of this study also revealed that, in contrast to the case of carbon footprints, the material footprint intensities of household expenditure rise as household income increases, particularly in the case of neodymium. Consequently, the implementation of subsidies aimed at reducing carbon footprints and stimulating the economy should carefully consider the concomitant increase in mate- rial footprints. Importantly, such considerations are not only applicable to developed countries, but also emerging countries, the living standards of which are expected to increase markedly in the near future.},
journal = {Journal of Economic Structures},
author = {Shigetomi, Yosuke and Nansai, Keisuke and Kagawa, Shigemi and Tohno, Susumu},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
keywords = {income-stratified-footprints},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/GEQ2M57L/Shigetomi et al. - 2016 - Influence of income difference on carbon and mater.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{lamb_human_2017,
title = {Human well-being and climate change mitigation},
volume = {8},
copyright = {© 2017 The Authors. WIREs Climate Change published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
issn = {1757-7799},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.485},
doi = {10.1002/wcc.485},
abstract = {Climate change mitigation research is fundamentally motivated by the preservation of human lives and the environmental conditions which enable them. However, the field has to date rather superficial in its appreciation of theoretical claims in well-being thought, with deep implications for the framing of mitigation priorities, policies, and research. Major strands of well-being thought are hedonic well-being—typically referred to as happiness or subjective well-being—and eudaimonic well-being, which includes theories of human needs, capabilities, and multidimensional poverty. Aspects of each can be found in political and procedural accounts such as the Sustainable Development Goals. Situating these concepts within the challenges of addressing climate change, the choice of approach is highly consequential for: (1) understanding inter- and intra-generational equity; (2) defining appropriate mitigation strategies; and (3) conceptualizing the socio-technical provisioning systems that convert biophysical resources into well-being outcomes. Eudaimonic approaches emphasize the importance of consumption thresholds, beyond which dimensions of well-being become satiated. Related strands of well-being and mitigation research suggest constraining consumption to within minimum and maximum consumption levels, inviting normative discussions on the social benefits, climate impacts, and political challenges associated with a given form of provisioning. The question of how current socio-technical provisioning systems can be shifted towards low-carbon, well-being enhancing forms constitutes a new frontier in mitigation research, involving not just technological change and economic incentives, but wide-ranging social, institutional, and cultural shifts. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e485. doi: 10.1002/wcc.485 This article is categorized under: Climate and Development {\textgreater} Sustainability and Human Well-Being},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2020-02-25},
journal = {WIREs Climate Change},
author = {Lamb, William F. and Steinberger, Julia K.},
year = {2017},
note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wcc.485},
keywords = {zk},
pages = {e485},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/XGCXDZUJ/Lamb and Steinberger - 2017 - Human well-being and climate change mitigation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/ENSJ8LMR/wcc.html:text/html}
}
@article{hertwich_carbon_2009,
title = {Carbon {Footprint} of {Nations}: {A} {Global}, {Trade}-{Linked} {Analysis}},
volume = {43},
issn = {0013-936X},
shorttitle = {Carbon {Footprint} of {Nations}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/es803496a},
doi = {10.1021/es803496a},
abstract = {Processes causing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions benefit humans by providing consumer goods and services. This benefit, and hence the responsibility for emissions, varies by purpose or consumption category and is unevenly distributed across and within countries. We quantify greenhouse gas emissions associated with the final consumption of goods and services for 73 nations and 14 aggregate world regions. We analyze the contribution of 8 categories: construction, shelter, food, clothing, mobility, manufactured products, services, and trade. National average per capita footprints vary from 1 tCO2e/y in African countries to ∼30t/y in Luxembourg and the United States. The expenditure elasticity is 0.57. The cross-national expenditure elasticity for just CO2, 0.81, corresponds remarkably well to the cross-sectional elasticities found within nations, suggesting a global relationship between expenditure and emissions that holds across several orders of magnitude difference. On the global level, 72\% of greenhouse gas emissions are related to household consumption, 10\% to government consumption, and 18\% to investments. Food accounts for 20\% of GHG emissions, operation and maintenance of residences is 19\%, and mobility is 17\%. Food and services are more important in developing countries, while mobility and manufactured goods rise fast with income and dominate in rich countries. The importance of public services and manufactured goods has not yet been sufficiently appreciated in policy. Policy priorities hence depend on development status and country-level characteristics.},
number = {16},
urldate = {2020-01-29},
journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
author = {Hertwich, Edgar G. and Peters, Glen P.},
month = aug,
year = {2009},
pages = {6414--6420},
file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/WRBUI7QU/es803496a.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/XGJUDL7B/Hertwich and Peters - 2009 - Carbon Footprint of Nations A Global, Trade-Linke.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{lutz_world_2015,
title = {World {Population} \& {Human} {Capital} in the {Twenty}-{First} {Century}},
volume = {69},
issn = {0032-4728, 1477-4747},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00324728.2015.1057371},
doi = {10.1080/00324728.2015.1057371},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2020-02-25},
journal = {Population Studies},
author = {Lutz, Wolfgang},
month = may,
year = {2015},
note = {tex.ids: steen-olsenCarbonFootprintNorwegian2016a},
keywords = {carbon footprint, consumer expenditure surveys, industrial ecology, input-output analysis (IOA), Norway, demography, fertility, education, fertility decline, household consumption},
pages = {255--257},
file = {Cleland - 2015 - World Population & Human Capital in the Twenty-Fir.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/BL6M3T6U/Cleland - 2015 - World Population & Human Capital in the Twenty-Fir.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4AHZDV75/jiec.html:text/html;Wolfgang Lutz, William P. Butz, Samir KC - World population and human capital in the twenty-first century-Oxford University Press (2014).pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/YQ7MFPV6/Wolfgang Lutz, William P. Butz, Samir KC - World population and human capital in the twenty-first century-Oxford University Press (2014).pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{wood_growth_2018,
title = {Growth in {Environmental} {Footprints} and {Environmental} {Impacts} {Embodied} in {Trade}: {Resource} {Efficiency} {Indicators} from {EXIOBASE}3},
volume = {22},
copyright = {© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Industrial Ecology, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of Yale University},
issn = {1530-9290},
shorttitle = {Growth in {Environmental} {Footprints} and {Environmental} {Impacts} {Embodied} in {Trade}},
url = {https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12735},
doi = {10.1111/jiec.12735},
abstract = {Most countries show a relative decoupling of economic growth from domestic resource use, implying increased resource efficiency. However, international trade facilitates the exchange of products between regions with disparate resource productivity. Hence, for an understanding of resource efficiency from a consumption perspective that takes into account the impacts in the upstream supply chains, there is a need to assess the environmental pressures embodied in trade. We use EXIOBASE3, a new multiregional input-output database, to examine the rate of increase in resource efficiency, and investigate the ways in which international trade contributes to the displacement of pressures on the environment from the consumption of a population. We look at the environmental pressures of energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, material use, water use, and land use. Material use stands out as the only indicator growing in both absolute and relative terms to population and gross domestic product (GDP), while land use is the only indicator showing absolute decoupling from both references. Energy, GHG, and water use show relative decoupling. As a percentage of total global environmental pressure, we calculate the net impact displaced through trade rising from 23\% to 32\% for material use (1995–2011), 23\% to 26\% for water use, 20\% to 29\% for energy use, 20\% to 26\% for land use, and 19\% to 24\% for GHG emissions. The results show a substantial disparity between trade-related impacts for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries. At the product group level, we observe the most rapid growth in environmental footprints in clothing and footwear. The analysis points to implications for future policies aiming to achieve environmental targets, while fully considering potential displacement effects through international trade.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
author = {Wood, Richard and Stadler, Konstantin and Simas, Moana and Bulavskaya, Tatyana and Giljum, Stefan and Lutter, Stephan and Tukker, Arnold},
year = {2018},
keywords = {industrial ecology, environmental accounting, environmental input-output analysis, trade and environment, income-stratified-footprints, multiregional input-output database, system of integrated and environmental and economic accounting (SEEA)},
pages = {553--564},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/I8QPZ4JR/Wood et al. - 2018 - Growth in Environmental Footprints and Environment.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/U5YC54RD/jiec.html:text/html}
}
@article{oswald_large_2020,
title = {Large inequality in international and intranational energy footprints between income groups and across consumption categories},
volume = {5},
copyright = {2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
issn = {2058-7546},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0579-8},
doi = {10.1038/s41560-020-0579-8},
abstract = {Detailed measures of energy use inequality globally and within countries are essential to ensure a just energy transition. Estimating embedded energy in goods and services used by different income groups, Oswald et al. measure the large inequality in energy use in 86 countries, and internationally.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
journal = {Nature Energy},
author = {Oswald, Yannick and Owen, Anne and Steinberger, Julia K.},
month = mar,
year = {2020},
pages = {231--239},
file = {Oswald_et_al_2020.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/XUJV43DV/Oswald_et_al_2020.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/LPQGH3YB/s41560-020-0579-8.html:text/html}
}
@article{duro_causal_2017,
title = {The {Causal} {Factors} of {International} {Inequality} in {CO}2 {Emissions} {Per} {Capita}: {A} {Regression}-{Based} {Inequality} {Decomposition} {Analysis}},
volume = {67},
copyright = {Environmental and Resource Economics is a copyright of Springer, 2017.},
issn = {09246460},
shorttitle = {The {Causal} {Factors} of {International} {Inequality} in {CO}2 {Emissions} {Per} {Capita}},
url = {https://search-proquest-com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/docview/1952033318/abstract/102A2D4268604E66PQ/1},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1007/s10640-015-9994-x},
abstract = {This paper uses the possibilities provided by the regression-based inequality decomposition (Fields in Res Labor Econ 22:1–38, 2003 ) to explore the contribution of different explanatory factors to international inequality in CO2 emissions per capita. In contrast to previous emissions inequality decompositions, which were based on identity relationships, this methodology does not impose any a priori specific relationship. Thus, it allows an assessment of the contribution to inequality of different relevant variables. In short, the paper appraises the relative contributions of affluence, sectoral composition, demographic factors and climate. The analysis is applied to selected years of the period 1993–2007. The results show the important (though decreasing) share of the contribution of demographic factors, as well as a significant contribution of affluence and sectoral composition.},
language = {English},
number = {4},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
journal = {Environmental and Resource Economics; Dordrecht},
author = {Duro, Juan Antonio and Teixidó-figueras, Jordi and Padilla, Emilio},
month = aug,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Carbon dioxide, Decomposition, Affluence, Business And Economics--Economic Systems And Theories, Composition, Demographic aspects, Demographics, Economic History, Emissions, Environmental Studies, Identity, Inequality, Per capita, Regression analysis},
pages = {683--700},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VNLMWGKQ/Duro et al. - 2017 - The Causal Factors of International Inequality in .pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{teixido-figueras_international_2016,
title = {International inequality of environmental pressures: {Decomposition} and comparative analysis},
volume = {62},
issn = {1470-160X},
shorttitle = {International inequality of environmental pressures},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X15006731},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.11.041},
abstract = {Natural resource scarcity is no longer merely a remote possibility and governments increasingly seek information about the global distribution of resource use and related environmental pressures. This paper presents an international distributional analysis of natural resource use indicators. These encompass both territorial (national production) and footprint (national consumption) indicators for land-related pressures (human appropriation of net primary production, HANPP, and embodied HANPP), for material use (domestic material extraction and consumption and material footprint), and for carbon emissions (territorial carbon emissions and carbon footprints). Our main question is “What, both from a territorial and a footprint perspective, are the main driving factors of international environmental inequality?”. We show that, for the environmental indicators we studied, inequality tends to be higher for footprint indicators than for territorial ones. The exception is land use intensity (as measured by HANPP), for which geographical drivers mainly determine the distribution pattern. The international distribution of material consumption is mainly a result of economic drivers whereas, for domestic extraction, demographic drivers can explain almost half of the distribution pattern. Finally, carbon emissions are the environmental pressure that shows the highest international inequality because of the larger contribution of economic drivers.},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
journal = {Ecological Indicators},
author = {Teixidó-Figueras, Jordi and Steinberger, Julia K. and Krausmann, Fridolin and Haberl, Helmut and Wiedmann, Thomas and Peters, Glen P. and Duro, Juan A. and Kastner, Thomas},
month = mar,
year = {2016},
keywords = {International trade, Drivers, HANPP, Material footprint, Consumption-based CO2 emissions, Domestic extraction, Domestic material consumption, eHANPP, Environmental equity, Footprint-territorial indicators, Inequality decomposition, Resource use distribution, STIRPAT model},
pages = {163--173},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UDF8BZB6/Teixidó-Figueras et al. - 2016 - International inequality of environmental pressure.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/8PQX7AXU/S1470160X15006731.html:text/html}
}
@article{galvin_economic_2018,
title = {Economic {Inequality} and {Household} {Energy} {Consumption} in {High}-income {Countries}: {A} {Challenge} for {Social} {Science} {Based} {Energy} {Research}},
volume = {153},
issn = {0921-8009},
shorttitle = {Economic {Inequality} and {Household} {Energy} {Consumption} in {High}-income {Countries}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800918300260},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.07.003},
abstract = {Social science approaches commonly used in household energy consumption research tend to focus on regular, everyday determinants of household behavior (discourse, practices, sociotechnical relations, actor-networks, etc.). Their conceptual frames avoid consideration of economic inequality and how it affects home ownership, energy efficiency investment, norms, practices, power relations and, consequently, energy use. This may have roots in a split between macroeconomics and sociology dating from the mid-20th century, while a focus on regular, everyday determinants of behavior was no doubt useful in the relatively egalitarian societies of the 1950s–1980s. But economic inequality has rapidly increased within high-income countries over the past 30–40 years, enabling high-wealth individuals' influence to grow. We argue this has decisive effects on the choices available to households in their energy behavior and discuss four ways it plays out: the negative effect of decreasing home-ownership on dwellings' thermal quality; fuel poverty; the influence of wealth distribution on carbon emissions; and gender-based wealth inequality. We argue that the macroeconomic issue of income inequality is a determinant of household energy consumption practices and, focusing on practice theory, we map out key dimensions in which it could be explicitly included in social science frameworks used to study household energy consumption.},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Galvin, Ray and Sunikka-Blank, Minna},
month = nov,
year = {2018},
keywords = {Economic inequality, Household energy consumption, Fuel poverty, Gender, Home ownership},
pages = {78--88},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/GBKU5QKR/Galvin and Sunikka-Blank - 2018 - Economic Inequality and Household Energy Consumpti.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/W4GN8CDP/S0921800918300260.html:text/html}
}
@article{baker_embodied_2018,
series = {Spatial {Adventures} in {Energy} {Studies}:},
title = {Of embodied emissions and inequality: {Rethinking} energy consumption},
volume = {36},
issn = {2214-6296},
shorttitle = {Of embodied emissions and inequality},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617303110},
doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.027},
abstract = {This paper situates concepts of energy consumption within the context of growing research on embodied emissions. Using the UK as a case study I unpack the global socio-economic and ecological inequalities inherent in the measurement of greenhouse gas emissions on a territorial basis under the international climate change framework. In so doing, I problematise questions of distribution, allocation and responsibility with regards to the pressing need to reduce global GHG emissions and the consumption that generates them. I challenge the disproportionate emphasis that energy policy places on supply as opposed to demand, as well as its overriding focus on the national scale. Consequently I argue that any low carbon transition, in addition to a technological process, is also a geographical one that will involve the reconfiguration of "current spatial patterns of economic and social activity" (Bridge et al., 2013:331), as well as relationships both within countries and regions and between them.},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
author = {Baker, Lucy},
month = feb,
year = {2018},
keywords = {Embodied emissions, Ecologically unequal exchange, Inequality, Consumption-based emissions},
pages = {52--60},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/WNUTGXDG/Baker - 2018 - Of embodied emissions and inequality Rethinking e.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7MH5FA97/S2214629617303110.html:text/html}
}
@article{lawrence_global_2013,
title = {Global {Inequality} in {Energy} {Consumption} from 1980 to 2010},
volume = {15},
issn = {1099-4300},
url = {https://doaj.org},
doi = {10.3390/e15125565},
abstract = {DOAJ is an online directory that indexes and provides access to quality open access, peer-reviewed journals.},
language = {en},
number = {12},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
journal = {Entropy},
author = {Lawrence, Scott and Liu, Qin and Yakovenko, Victor M.},
month = dec,
year = {2013},
pages = {5565--5579},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/B6793U9T/1d4e4a62266f4e38990dd4e88cd0ee28.html:text/html}
}
@article{duro_automatic_2012,
title = {On the automatic application of inequality indexes in the analysis of the international distribution of environmental indicators},
volume = {76},
issn = {09218009},
url = {http://journals.scholarsportal.info/detailsundefined},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.12.019},
abstract = {Abstract In recent years traditional inequality measures have been used to quite a considerable extent to examine the international distribution of environmental indicators. One of the main characteristics of these measures is that each one assigns different weights to the changes that occur in the different sections of the variable distribution and, consequently, the results they yield can potentially be very different. Hence, we suggest the appropriateness of using a range of well-recommended measures to achieve more robust results. We also provide an empirical test for the comparative behaviour of several suitable inequality measures and environmental indicators in the international context. Our findings support the hypothesis that in some cases there are differences among measures in both the sign of the evolution over time and its size.},
number = {Complete},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Duro, Juan Antonio},
year = {2012},
keywords = {D39, Inequality measures, International environment factor distribution, Kaya factors, Q43, Q56},
pages = {1--7}
}
@article{girod_more_2010,
title = {More or {Better}? {A} {Model} for {Changes} in {Household} {Greenhouse} {Gas} {Emissions} due to {Higher} {Income}},
copyright = {Copyright MIT Press Journals Jan/Feb 2010},
issn = {10881980},
shorttitle = {More or {Better}?},
url = {https://search-proquest-com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/docview/917319692?pq-origsite=summon&},
abstract = {Households exert an important influence on total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, their consumption behavior is of interest in evaluations of climate policy options and projections of future emission paths. While most evaluations of household consumption and its emissions are based on expenditure only, we use a household consumption model based on functional units (e.g., kg food, person kilometers, living square meters). The goal of this article is to assess changes in consumption with increasing affluence level of households and to compare the allocation of GHG emissions to monetary versus functional units. We find that: 1. the model based on functional units provides good bottom-up estimates for greenhouse emissions of Swiss households, 2. quality (price per functional unit) increases with income for many consumption categories, and therefore using functional instead of monetary units leads to a lower increase of greenhouse gas emissions with income, and 3. the relevance of GHG emissions from goods and mobility will increase. We conclude that using household models based on monetary units only overestimates the impact of marginal consumption and neglects the potential of decoupling income and environmental impact by consuming better instead of more. For sustainable consumption, research and policy should aim at preventing goods of higher quality from having higher environmental impact in order to benefit from the increasing quality orientation with rising income.},
language = {English},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology; New Haven},
author = {Girod, Bastien and De Haan, Peter},
month = feb,
year = {2010},
note = {tex.ids: girodMoreBetterModel2010},
keywords = {Studies, Energy consumption, Greenhouse gases, behavioral change, Environmental policy, Environmental Studies, Consumer behavior, Engineering--Industrial Engineering, Ethical consumerism, Family income},
pages = {31--49},
file = {Girod_deHaan_2010_More_or_better-1.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/F8PQIIP8/Girod_deHaan_2010_More_or_better-1.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{lamb_human_2015,
title = {Human development in a climate-constrained world: {What} the past says about the future},
volume = {33},
issn = {09593780},
shorttitle = {Human development in a climate-constrained world},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378015000473},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.010},
abstract = {Energy consumption is necessary for the delivery of human development by supporting access to basic needs, services and infrastructure. Given prevailing technologies and the high degree of inertia in practical rates of decarbonisation, growth in energy consumption from rising global living standards may drive consequent greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In this paper the ‘development as usual’ GHG emissions impact of achieving high levels of life expectancy, access to basic needs and continued economic growth are projected to the mid-century using historical elasticities of development and energy consumption in 3 regions – Africa, Centrally Planned Asia, and South Asia. The results suggest that long life expectancy and high levels of access to basic needs are achievable at lower levels of emissions than continued economic growth, but will consume a substantial share of the global budget associated with a 2 8C climate goal.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-04-23},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
author = {Lamb, William F. and Rao, Narasimha D.},
month = jul,
year = {2015},
note = {tex.ids: lambHumanDevelopmentClimateconstrained2015a, lambHumanDevelopmentClimateconstrained2015b},
keywords = {Climate change, Development, Human well-being, Basic needs, Carbon emissions mitigation, ingram\_paper},
pages = {14--22},
file = {Lamb and Rao - 2015 - Human development in a climate-constrained world .pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/528WCMCY/Lamb and Rao - 2015 - Human development in a climate-constrained world .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/S8W5HB9Q/S0959378015000473.html:text/html}
}
@article{hubacek_poverty_2017,
title = {Poverty eradication in a carbon constrained world},
volume = {8},
copyright = {2017 The Author(s)},
issn = {2041-1723},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00919-4},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-017-00919-4},
abstract = {The consequences of poverty eradication on limiting warming to 2 °C are not fully clear. Here, Hubacek et al. find that while ending extreme poverty does not jeopardize the climate target, moving everybody to a modest expenditure level increases required mitigation rate by 27\%},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-04-23},
journal = {Nature Communications},
author = {Hubacek, Klaus and Baiocchi, Giovanni and Feng, Kuishuang and Patwardhan, Anand},
month = oct,
year = {2017},
note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
keywords = {ingram\_paper},
pages = {1--9},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/SMNK7DK2/Hubacek et al. - 2017 - Poverty eradication in a carbon constrained world.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/I4SHXRCH/s41467-017-00919-4.html:text/html}
}
@article{haberl_systematic_2020,
title = {A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of {GDP}, resource use and {GHG} emissions, part {II}: synthesizing the insights},
issn = {1748-9326},
shorttitle = {A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of {GDP}, resource use and {GHG} emissions, part {II}},
url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab842a},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab842a},
abstract = {Strategies toward ambitious climate targets usually rely on the concept of “decoupling”; that is, they aim at promoting economic growth while reducing the use of natural resources and GHG emissions. GDP growth coinciding with absolute reductions in emissions or resource use is denoted as “absolute decoupling”, as opposed to “relative decoupling”, where resource use or emissions increase less so than does GDP. Based on the bibliometric mapping in part I (Wiedenhofer et al., this issue), we synthesize the evidence emerging from the selected 835 peer-reviewed articles. We evaluate empirical studies of decoupling related to final/useful energy, exergy, use of material resources, as well as CO2 and total GHG emissions. We find that relative decoupling is frequent for material use as well as GHG and CO2 emissions but not for useful exergy, a quality-based measure of energy use. Primary energy can be decoupled from GDP largely to the extent to which the conversion of primary energy to useful exergy is improved. Examples of absolute long-term decoupling are rare, but recently some industrialized countries have decoupled GDP from both production- and, weaklier, consumption-based CO2 emissions. We analyze policies or strategies in the decoupling literature by classifying them into three groups: (1) Green growth, if sufficient reductions of resource use or emissions were deemed possible without altering the growth trajectory. (2) Degrowth, if reductions of resource use or emissions were given priority over GDP growth. (3) Others, e.g. if the role of energy for GDP growth was analyzed without reference to climate change mitigation. We conclude that large rapid absolute reductions of resource use and GHG emissions cannot be achieved through observed decoupling rates, hence decoupling needs to be complemented by sufficiency-oriented strategies and strict enforcement of absolute reduction targets. More research is needed on interdependencies between wellbeing, resources and emissions.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-04-09},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
author = {Haberl, Helmut and Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Virág, Doris and Kalt, Gerald and Plank, Barbara and Brockway, Paul and Fishman, Tomer and Hausknost, Daniel and Krausmann, Fridolin P. and Leon-Gruchalski, Bartholomäus and Mayer, Andreas and Pichler, Melanie and Schaffartzik, Anke and Sousa, Tânia and Streeck, Jan and Creutzig, Felix},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Decoupling, resource use, zk},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/GE9LCKSI/Haberl et al. - 2020 - A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling .pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{stadler_exiobase_2018,
title = {{EXIOBASE} 3: {Developing} a {Time} {Series} of {Detailed} {Environmentally} {Extended} {Multi}-{Regional} {Input}-{Output} {Tables}},
volume = {22},
copyright = {© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Industrial Ecology, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of Yale University.},
issn = {1530-9290},
shorttitle = {{EXIOBASE} 3},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12715},
doi = {10.1111/jiec.12715},
abstract = {Environmentally extended multiregional input-output (EE MRIO) tables have emerged as a key framework to provide a comprehensive description of the global economy and analyze its effects on the environment. Of the available EE MRIO databases, EXIOBASE stands out as a database compatible with the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) with a high sectorial detail matched with multiple social and environmental satellite accounts. In this paper, we present the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3—a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply-use tables (SUTs) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. In order to capture structural changes, economic developments, as reported by national statistical agencies, were imposed on the available, disaggregated SUTs from EXIOBASE 2. These initial estimates were further refined by incorporating detailed data on energy, agricultural production, resource extraction, and bilateral trade. EXIOBASE 3 inherits the high level of environmental stressor detail from its precursor, with further improvement in the level of detail for resource extraction. To account for the expansion of the European Union (EU), EXIOBASE 3 was developed with the full EU28 country set (including the new member state Croatia). EXIOBASE 3 provides a unique tool for analyzing the dynamics of environmental pressures of economic activities over time.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-05-19},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
author = {Stadler, Konstantin and Wood, Richard and Bulavskaya, Tatyana and Södersten, Carl-Johan and Simas, Moana and Schmidt, Sarah and Usubiaga, Arkaitz and Acosta‐Fernández, José and Kuenen, Jeroen and Bruckner, Martin and Giljum, Stefan and Lutter, Stephan and Merciai, Stefano and Schmidt, Jannick H. and Theurl, Michaela C. and Plutzar, Christoph and Kastner, Thomas and Eisenmenger, Nina and Erb, Karl-Heinz and Koning, Arjan de and Tukker, Arnold},
year = {2018},
keywords = {Consumption-based accounting, industrial ecology, EE MRIO analysis, environmental-economic accounting, EXIOBASE, footprints},
pages = {502--515},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QKIJAUCW/jiec.html:text/html}
}
@incollection{druckman_understanding_2016,
address = {Cham},
title = {Understanding {Households} as {Drivers} of {Carbon} {Emissions}},
isbn = {978-3-319-20571-7},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20571-7_9},
abstract = {Households are accountable for nearly three quarters of global carbon emissions and thus understanding the drivers of these emissions is important if we are to make progress towards a low carbon future. This chapter starts by explaining the importance of using an appropriate consumption perspective accounting framework for assessing the carbon footprint of households. This contrasts from the more commonly used production perspective, as, for many Western countries in particular, once responsibility for emissions embedded in imported goods and services are taken into account, consumption emissions are often higher than production emissions.The chapter then reviews findings concerning the determinants and composition of the carbon footprint of households, focusing on Western countries. One of the main determinants is income, with carbon footprints increasing with increasing incomes. However, other drivers, such as household size and composition, rural/urban location, diet and type of energy supply, also play a part. Studies show that the majority of an average carbon footprint arises from three domains: transportation, housing and food. Further analyses aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of the motivations behind the activities driving emissions, in particular those due to transportation and housing, show that recreation and leisure pursuits are responsible for a substantial portion of average carbon footprints. Studies indicate, for example, that activities such as spending time with friends and family in and around the home, which are generally low carbon and also enhance well-being, should be encouraged alongside the more mainstream strategies of improving systems of provision of energy, food, housing and transportation.The finding that income is one of the principal drivers of carbon emissions is a challenging and important issue to address, as, for instance, incomes are arguably the driver of the rebound effect – a phenomenon that confounds attempts to reduce carbon footprints, making reducing emissions more of an uphill task than often acknowledged. This challenge leads us to a wider, whole-systems approach in which we view households as an integral part of the system of production and consumption.In summary, industrial ecology, with its wide ranging systems approach as shown in this chapter, has a great deal to contribute to the quest to devise strategies to move towards lower carbon, fulfilling lifestyles.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-06-17},
booktitle = {Taking {Stock} of {Industrial} {Ecology}},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
author = {Druckman, Angela and Jackson, Tim},
editor = {Clift, Roland and Druckman, Angela},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-20571-7_9},
note = {tex.ids: druckmanUnderstandingHouseholdsDrivers2016a},
keywords = {Consumption-based accounting, Rebound effect, Time use, Carbon footprint, Environmental input-output analysis, Household carbon-footprint, Personal carbon-footprint, Work-time reductions},
pages = {181--203},
file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/PG2L7LG3/Druckman and Jackson - 2016 - Understanding Households as Drivers of Carbon Emis.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{galvin_green_2020,
title = {The {Green} {New} {Deal} in the {United} {States}: {What} it is and how to pay for it},
volume = {67},
issn = {2214-6296},
shorttitle = {The {Green} {New} {Deal} in the {United} {States}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629620301067},
doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101529},
abstract = {The US Green New Deal (GND) resolution introduced by Congresswoman Ocasio-Cortez and Senator Markey is the first comprehensive program combining climate change mitigation and the elimination of economic inequality that could, conceivably, soon be adopted as policy in a major economy. We outline its main features, together with Senator Bernie Sanders’ more detailed, fully costed version, exploring its implications for policymaking and social science-based energy research. We focus on two of its most striking characteristics: its macroeconomics; and its inextricable linkage of climate change mitigation and the reduction of economic inequality. We find Sanders’ GND economically credible and argue that the GND's use of Keynesian demand-side macroeconomics challenges governments, policymakers and citizens to think anew about the nature of money. We suggest social scientists need to challenge neoclassical economic assumptions, which, we argue, enable both climate destruction and inequality to continue. We find the GND's combining of climate protection and equality credible, and argue that shifting the debate away from neoclassical understandings of public debt to careful assessments of inflationary impacts and resource needs will generate more productive analysis. We offer these insights as a first look at the GND and challenge others to join in this research.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-06-07},
journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
author = {Galvin, Ray and Healy, Noel},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
keywords = {Climate change mitigation, Economic inequality, zk, Green New Deal, Keynesian economics, Modern monetary theory},
pages = {101529},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UWTG5A4B/Galvin and Healy - 2020 - The Green New Deal in the United States What it i.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AD6I2WY5/S2214629620301067.html:text/html}
}
@article{buchs_promoting_2018,
title = {Promoting low carbon behaviours through personalised information? {Long}-term evaluation of a carbon calculator interview},
volume = {120},
issn = {0301-4215},
shorttitle = {Promoting low carbon behaviours through personalised information?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518303343},
doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.030},
abstract = {The UK needs to accelerate action to achieve its 80 per cent carbon reduction target by 2050 as it is otherwise in danger of lagging behind. A much discussed question in this context is whether voluntary behaviour change initiatives can make a significant contribution to reaching this target. While providing individuals with general information on climate change or low carbon action is increasingly seen as ineffective, some studies argue that personalised information has greater potential to encourage behaviour change. This mixed methods study examines this claim through a longitudinal field experiment which tested the effectiveness of a carbon calculator interview. It finds that the intervention significantly raised awareness of ways in which participants could reduce their carbon footprint. However, this increased awareness did not translate into measurable behaviour changes in relation to home energy and travel. Qualitative analysis shows that participants refer to infrastructural, social and psychological barriers to change. This indicates that more ambitious government and corporate action is required to speed up carbon reduction.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-06-23},
journal = {Energy Policy},
author = {Büchs, Milena and Bahaj, AbuBakr S. and Blunden, Luke and Bourikas, Leonidas and Falkingham, Jane and James, Patrick and Kamanda, Mamusu and Wu, Yue},
month = sep,
year = {2018},
keywords = {Sustainable cities, Behaviour change, Energy reduction, Field experiment, Intervention, Personalised information},
pages = {284--293},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/N39TDTV4/Büchs et al. - 2018 - Promoting low carbon behaviours through personalis.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/2MTSBVAN/S0301421518303343.html:text/html}
}
@article{bardsley_domestic_2019,
title = {Domestic thermal upgrades, community action and energy saving: {A} three-year experimental study of prosperous households},
volume = {127},
issn = {0301-4215},
shorttitle = {Domestic thermal upgrades, community action and energy saving},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518307638},
doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2018.11.036},
abstract = {A three-year field experiment was conducted with 185 prosperous households to assess whether behavioural interventions by a community environmental group during and after thermal upgrades (cavity wall and/or loft insulation) can achieve reductions in households’ energy use, including reductions in direct and indirect rebound. The engineering interventions on the thermal efficiency of dwellings appear effective in reducing energy use in both treatment and control groups: a direct rebound effect is estimated to be at most 40 per cent from the engineering interventions. However, across a range of measures of energy use, we observe no significant effect of the community behavioural intervention across the total lifetime of the project. Qualitative data collected on similar community groups suggests substantial constraints on their capacity to realise reductions in energy use amongst households.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-06-24},
journal = {Energy Policy},
author = {Bardsley, Nicholas and Büchs, Milena and James, Patrick and Papafragkou, Anastasios and Rushby, Thomas and Saunders, Clare and Smith, Graham and Wallbridge, Rebecca and Woodman, Nicholas},
month = apr,
year = {2019},
keywords = {Rebound, Behaviour change, Field experiment, Community group, Household energy saving, Thermal upgrade},
pages = {475--485},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/DTJTD3VD/Bardsley et al. - 2019 - Domestic thermal upgrades, community action and en.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UGK49LTK/S0301421518307638.html:text/html}
}
@misc{oxfam_extreme_2015,
title = {Extreme {Carbon} {Inequality}: {Why} the {Paris} climate deal must put the poorest, lowest emitting and most vulnerable people first {\textbar} {Oxfam} {Policy} \& {Practice}},
shorttitle = {Extreme {Carbon} {Inequality}},
url = {https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/*},
abstract = {Policy \& Practice provides an insight into Oxfam’s advocacy, development and humanitarian programmes and free access to over 4500 advocacy, training, and research publications.},
language = {English{\textbar}French{\textbar}Spanish},
urldate = {2020-06-24},
journal = {Policy \& Practice},
author = {{Oxfam}},
year = {2015},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/6E64J7ID/extreme-carbon-inequality-why-the-paris-climate-deal-must-put-the-poorest-lowes-582545.html:text/html}
}
@article{welch_after_2019,
title = {After {Paris}: transitions for sustainable consumption},
volume = {15},
issn = {null},
shorttitle = {After {Paris}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2018.1560861},
doi = {10.1080/15487733.2018.1560861},
abstract = {Consumption emissions-reduction measures based on an individualized model of consumption, marginal lifestyle changes, and technological innovation alone cannot meet the ambitions of the 2015 Paris Agreement to hold global temperature increases below 2 °C. Radical shifts in the societal organization of consumption and production are urgently required to address the scale of the global challenge. Policy for sustainable consumption must be understood in the context of the urgent need for demand-side emissions reductions to reach critical medium-term targets by 2030. Global sustainability policy has remained chiefly focused on technological innovation. Where consumption is recognized, policy approaches have been dominated by ‘behavior-change’ initiatives that frame the challenge as one of individual choices, usually in the context of markets. Social scientific approaches, by contrast, argue that consumption should be understood as instituted and embedded in wider systems – social, cultural, economic, and material. Escalating levels of environmental impact result from the bundle of goods and services taken for granted as necessities of everyday life by the growing global consumer class. Furthermore, sustainable consumption is fundamentally an issue of inequality. More equitable distribution of consumption-based emissions within and between societies is critical within the context of absolute emission reductions. The policies should address the social organization of consumption and the dynamic trajectories through which sociotechnical change takes place (the coevolution of technical systems and social practices). ‘Policy integration’ regarding sustainable consumption that embraces reflexive governance and radical experimentation engaging with sociotechnical trajectories is critical to meet the ambitious goals of the Paris Agreement.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-06-24},
journal = {Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy},
author = {Welch, Daniel and Southerton, Dale},
month = jan,
year = {2019},
keywords = {emissions, policy, consumption, Sustainable, Paris},
pages = {31--44},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/TT5YN9TB/Welch and Southerton - 2019 - After Paris transitions for sustainable consumpti.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QL27JIZV/15487733.2018.html:text/html}
}
@article{wiedmann_scientists_2020,
title = {Scientists’ warning on affluence},
volume = {11},
copyright = {2020 The Author(s)},
issn = {2041-1723},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-16941-y},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y},
abstract = {For over half a century, worldwide growth in affluence has continuously increased resource use and pollutant emissions far more rapidly than these have been reduced through better technology. The affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts and are central to any future prospect of retreating to safer environmental conditions. We summarise the evidence and present possible solution approaches. Any transition towards sustainability can only be effective if far-reaching lifestyle changes complement technological advancements. However, existing societies, economies and cultures incite consumption expansion and the structural imperative for growth in competitive market economies inhibits necessary societal change.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-06-29},
journal = {Nature Communications},
author = {Wiedmann, Thomas and Lenzen, Manfred and Keyßer, Lorenz T. and Steinberger, Julia K.},
month = jun,
year = {2020},
keywords = {ingram\_paper},
pages = {3107},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RKY5HXFG/Wiedmann et al. - 2020 - Scientists’ warning on affluence.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/TU9JHHD2/s41467-020-16941-y.html:text/html}
}
@article{cibulka_towards_2020,
title = {Towards a {Comprehensive} {Framework} of the {Relationships} between {Resource} {Footprints}, {Quality} of {Life}, and {Economic} {Development}},
volume = {12},
copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/11/4734},
doi = {10.3390/su12114734},
abstract = {The relationship between economic affluence, quality of life, and environmental implications of production and consumption activities is a recurring issue in sustainability discussions. A number of studies examined selected relationships, but the general implications for future development options to achieve environmentally and socially sustainable development of countries at different levels of per capita resource footprints, quality of life, and income have not yet been investigated in detail. In this study, we use a global dataset with 173 countries to assess the overall relationship between resource footprints, quality of life, and economic development over the period of 1990\–2015. We select the material footprint and carbon footprint and contrast them with the Human Development Index, the Happiness Index, and GDP per capita. Regression analyses show that the relationship between various resource footprints and quality of life generally follows a logarithmic path of development, while resource footprints and GDP per capita are linearly connected. From the empirical results, we derive a generalized path of development and cluster countries along this path. Within this comprehensive framework, we discuss options to change the path to respect planetary and social boundaries through a combination of resource efficiency increases, substitution of industries and sufficiency of consumption. We conclude that decoupling and green growth will not realize sustainable development if planetary boundaries have already been transgressed.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2020-06-26},
journal = {Sustainability},
author = {Cibulka, Stefan and Giljum, Stefan},
month = jan,
year = {2020},
note = {Number: 11
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
keywords = {sustainable development, planetary boundaries, decoupling, post-growth, quality of life, resource footprints},
pages = {4734},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UI6R75FA/Cibulka and Giljum - 2020 - Towards a Comprehensive Framework of the Relations.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QTS8UIKS/htm.html:text/html}
}
@article{le_quere_drivers_2019,
title = {Drivers of declining {CO} 2 emissions in 18 developed economies},
volume = {9},
copyright = {2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
issn = {1758-6798},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0419-7},
doi = {10.1038/s41558-019-0419-7},
abstract = {Global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuels and industry increased by 2.2\% per year on average between 2005 and 20151. Global emissions need to peak and decline rapidly to limit climate change to well below 2 °C of warming2,3, which is one of the goals of the Paris Agreement4. Untangling the reasons underlying recent changes in emissions trajectories is critical to guide efforts to attain those goals. Here we analyse the drivers of decreasing CO2 emissions in a group of 18 developed economies that have decarbonized over the period 2005–2015. We show that within this group, the displacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy and decreases in energy use explain decreasing CO2 emissions. However, the decrease in energy use can be explained at least in part by a lower growth in gross domestic product. Correlation analysis suggests that policies on renewable energy are supporting emissions reductions and displacing fossil fuels in these 18 countries, but not elsewhere, and that policies on energy efficiency are supporting lower energy use in these 18 countries, as well as more widely. Overall, the evidence shows that efforts to reduce emissions are underway in many countries, but these efforts need to be maintained and enhanced by more stringent policy actions to support a global peak in emissions followed by global emissions reductions in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement3.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-06-29},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
author = {Le Quéré, Corinne and Korsbakken, Jan Ivar and Wilson, Charlie and Tosun, Jale and Andrew, Robbie and Andres, Robert J. and Canadell, Josep G. and Jordan, Andrew and Peters, Glen P. and van Vuuren, Detlef P.},
month = mar,
year = {2019},
keywords = {carbon footprint, Decoupling},
pages = {213--217},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IQA5A6CX/s41558-019-0419-7.html:text/html}
}
@article{fuchs_power:_2016,
title = {Power: the missing element in sustainable consumption and absolute reductions research and action},
issn = {0959-6526},
shorttitle = {Power},
url = {https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/5308514},
abstract = {In this essay, we aim to demonstrate the value of a power lens on consumption and absolute reductions. Specifically, we illuminate what we perceive to be a troublesome pattern of neglect of questions of power in research and action on sustainable consumption and absolute reductions. In pursuit of our objectives, we delineate how many of the informal and implicit “theories of social change” of scholars and activists in sustainable consumption and sustainable development fail to address power in a sufficiently explicit, comprehensive and differentiated manner and how that failure translates into insufficient understandings of the drivers of consumption and the potential for and barriers to absolute reductions. Second, we develop the contours of a power lens on sustainable consumption. Third, we illustrate the value of such a power lens, with a particular focus on the case of meat consumption.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-06-30},
author = {Fuchs, Doris and Di Giulio, Antonietta and Glaab, Katharina and Lorek, Sylvia and Maniates, Michael and Princen, Thomas and Røpke, Inge},
year = {2016},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UYAX4VSJ/5308514.html:text/html}
}
@article{owen_reducing_2020,
title = {Reducing inequality resulting from {UK} low-carbon policy},
volume = {0},
issn = {1469-3062},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1773754},
doi = {10.1080/14693062.2020.1773754},
abstract = {In the UK, the cost of low-carbon policies, such as renewable energy subsidies, household retrofit and installation of smart meters, adds an additional 13\% to household energy bills. Given that the lowest income households spend 10\% of their income on heating and powering their homes, whereas the highest spend less than 1.5\%., any increase in prices hits the poor disproportionately. Using an energy-extended multiregional input-output model combined with household expenditure survey data, we calculate the full supply-chain energy embodied in goods and services consumed by different households. First, we demonstrate that low-carbon policy costs are placed on a small percentage of household energy demand – perversely on items representing a higher proportion of expenditure for low income households. The lifestyles of higher income households require nearly five times more energy than the lowest, but because levies are only raised on energy bills, those with high incomes pay only 1.9 times more towards policy costs. Second, we evaluate alternative approaches to funding low-carbon policy: a household energy footprint approach, taking account of households’ full energy service demands; and funding the costs from general taxation payments. We explore the demographic characteristics of the households who would pay less towards funding policy costs and those who would take on a larger burden under these new proposals. While none of the approaches offer a ‘perfect solution’ in terms of distributional impacts, raising the funds through general taxation offers a fairer and practical solution. Key policy insights Low income households currently pay disproportionately more towards low-carbon policy costs in the UK. Funding low-carbon policy through general taxation would better align energy demand with policy costs, and would reduce costs for 65\% of UK households. Households comprising women of retirement age living alone; single parent families; and households who have never worked or are long-term unemployed could see reductions in bills by recovering climate policy costs through general taxation. A general taxation approach requires leadership and long-term commitment to avoid leaving the policy vulnerable to short-term budgetary changes.},
number = {0},
urldate = {2020-06-30},
journal = {Climate Policy},
author = {Owen, Anne and Barrett, John},
month = jun,
year = {2020},
keywords = {Inequality, consumption-based account, distributional effects, household energy footprint, low-carbon policy},
pages = {1--16},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/FPDXIQ4B/Owen and Barrett - 2020 - Reducing inequality resulting from UK low-carbon p.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/GB445CD2/14693062.2020.html:text/html}
}
@article{lenzen_structural_2016,
title = {Structural analyses of energy use and carbon emissions -- an overview},
volume = {28},
url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/ecsysr/v28y2016i2p119-132.html},
abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2020-06-30},
journal = {Economic Systems Research},
author = {Lenzen, Manfred},
year = {2016},
pages = {119--132},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/U7IUD8KJ/v28y2016i2p119-132.html:text/html}
}
@article{ivanova_quantifying_2020,
title = {Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options},
issn = {1748-9326},
url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589},
abstract = {Around two-thirds of global GHG emissions are directly and indirectly linked to household consumption, with a global average of about 6 tCO2eq/cap. Changes in consumption patterns to low-carbon alternatives therefore present a great and urgently required potential for emission reductions. In this paper, we synthesize emission mitigation potentials across the consumption domains of food, housing, transport and other consumption. We systematically screened 6,990 records in the Web of Science Core Collections and Scopus. Searches were restricted to 1) reviews of lifecycle assessment studies and 2) multiregional input-output studies of household consumption, published after 2011 in English. We selected against pre-determined eligibility criteria and quantitatively synthesized findings from 53 studies in a meta-review. We identified 771 original options, which we summarized and presented in 61 consumption options with a positive mitigation potential. We used a fixed-effects model to explore the role of contextual factors (geographical, technical and socio-demographic factors) for the outcome variable (mitigation potential per capita) within consumption options. We establish consumption options with a high mitigation potential measured in tons of CO2eq/capita/yr. For transport, the options with the highest mitigation potential include living car-free, shifting to a battery electric vehicle, and reducing flying by a long return flight with a median reduction potential of more than 1.7 tCO2eq/cap. In the context of food, the highest carbon savings come from dietary changes, particularly an adoption of vegan diet with an average and median mitigation potential of 0.9 and 0.8 tCO2eq/cap, respectively. Shifting to renewable electricity and refurbishment and renovation are the options with the highest mitigation potential in the housing domain, with medians at 1.6 and 0.9 tCO2eq/cap, respectively. We find that the top 10 consumption options together yield an average mitigation potential of 9.2 tCO2eq/cap, indicating substantial contributions towards achieving the 1.5-2°C target, particularly in high-income context.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-06-30},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
author = {Ivanova, Diana and Barrett, John and Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Macura, Biljana and Callaghan, Max W. and Creutzig, Felix},
year = {2020},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/PXUWWGFB/Ivanova et al. - 2020 - Quantifying the potential for climate change mitig.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{sanne_willing_2002,
title = {Willing consumers--or locked-in? {Policies} for a sustainable consumption},
volume = {42},
issn = {0921-8009},
shorttitle = {Willing consumers--or locked-in?},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecolec/v_3a42_3ay_3a2002_3ai_3a1-2_3ap_3a273-287.htm},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2020-06-30},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Sanne, Christer},
year = {2002},
pages = {273--287},
file = {RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/9YZBZC9T/v_3a42_3ay_3a2002_3ai_3a1-2_3ap_3a273-287.html:text/html}
}
@article{kerkhof_relating_2009,
title = {Relating the environmental impact of consumption to household expenditures: {An} input-output analysis},
volume = {68},
shorttitle = {Relating the environmental impact of consumption to household expenditures},
url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecolec/v68y2009i4p1160-1170.html},
abstract = {In this paper we evaluate the relationships between household expenditures and the environmental impact categories climate change, acidification, eutrophication and smog formation, by combining household expenditures with environmentally extended input-output analysis. Expenditure elasticities are examined with regression analysis, and are compared and interpreted on the basis of insight at the product level. With data from the Netherlands in the year 2000, we find that environmental impact increases with increasing household expenditures, although the degree to which the environmental impact increases differs per impact category. Climate change and eutrophication increase less than proportionally with increasing expenditures. Acidification increases nearly proportionally with increasing expenditures, whereas smog formation increases more than proportionally. It appears that the mix of necessities and luxuries to which an environmental impact is related is essential in explaining the relationship.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2020-06-30},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Kerkhof, Annemarie C. and Nonhebel, Sanderine and Moll, Henri C.},
year = {2009},
keywords = {Input-output analysis Environmental impact Household expenditures Consumption pattern Elasticity The Netherlands},
pages = {1160--1170},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VH27QIIJ/v68y2009i4p1160-1170.html:text/html}
}
@article{baiocchi_impact_2010,
title = {The {Impact} of {Social} {Factors} and {Consumer} {Behavior} on {Carbon} {Dioxide} {Emissions} in the {United} {Kingdom}},
volume = {14},
copyright = {© 2010 by Yale University},
issn = {1530-9290},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00216.x},
doi = {10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00216.x},
abstract = {In this article we apply geodemographic consumer segmentation data in an input−output framework to understand the direct and indirect carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with consumer behavior of different lifestyles in the United Kingdom. In a subsequent regression analysis, we utilize the lifestyle segments contained in the dataset to control for aspects of behavioral differences related to lifestyles in an analysis of the impact of various socioeconomic variables on CO2 emissions, such as individual aspirations and people's attitudes toward the environment, as well as the physical context in which people act. This approach enables us to (1) test for the significance of lifestyles in determining CO2 emissions, (2) quantify the importance of a variety of individual socioeconomic determinants, and (3) provide a visual representation of “where” the various factors exert the greatest impact, by exploiting the spatial information contained in the lifestyle data. Our results indicate the importance of consumer behavior and lifestyles in understanding CO2 emissions in the United Kingdom. Across lifestyle groups, CO2 emissions can vary by a factor of between 2 and 3. Our regression results provide support for the idea that sociodemographic variables are important in explaining emissions. For instance, controlling for lifestyles and other determinants, we find that emissions are increasing with income and decreasing with education. Using the spatial information, we illustrate how the lifestyle mix of households in the United Kingdom affects the geographic distribution of environmental impacts.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-06-30},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
author = {Baiocchi, Giovanni and Minx, Jan and Hubacek, Klaus},
year = {2010},
note = {tex.ids: baiocchiImpactSocialFactors2010},
keywords = {industrial ecology, input-output analysis (IOA), consumption behaviour, Drivers, econometrics, sustainable consumption and production (SCP), environmental economics, consumer behavior, input−output analysis (IOA)},
pages = {50--72},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/MZ73QCR6/j.1530-9290.2009.00216.html:text/html}
}
@article{shammin_impact_2009,
title = {Impact of cap-and-trade policies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions on {U}.{S}. households},
volume = {68},
url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecolec/v68y2009i8-9p2432-2438.html},
abstract = {Proposals being considered by the U.S. Congress would establish a cap-and-trade system to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions approximately 2\% annually through 2050. Past cap-and-trade policies for other pollutants have distributed allowances free to the regulated companies, leaving consumers uncompensated for passed-through costs needed to achieve the required reductions. Social equity concerns were not a major issue because the total costs were relatively small. However, Americans currently spend about \$1Â trillion/year on energy, directly and indirectly via the goods and services they consume. If a cap on carbon emissions results in significant increases in energy prices, social equity concerns could quickly dominate the debate over climate policy. This paper confirms earlier studies that a traditional cap-and-trade policy is regressive and would cause the cost of reducing GHG emissions to fall disproportionately on low income households. This paper explores ways to ameliorate those effects, using highly disaggregated data available on consumer expenditures and energy-input-output analyses of the U.S. economy. Emissions are estimated based on direct and embodied energy use at the household level. Social equity concerns are taken into account and the consequences of cap-and-trade policies are assessed by quantifying the extent to which the expenditure patterns of the poor are significantly more energy intensive than those of the rich.},
language = {en},
number = {8-9},
urldate = {2020-06-30},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Shammin, Md Rumi and Bullard, Clark W.},
year = {2009},
keywords = {Cap-and-trade Regressive impact of climate change policy Carbon tax and rebate GHG emission reduction Equity and fairness of climate legislation},
pages = {2432--2438},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IJUUX9ET/v68y2009i8-9p2432-2438.html:text/html}
}
@misc{european_commission_communication_2019,
type = {Text},
title = {Communication on {The} {European} {Green} {Deal}},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/communication-european-green-deal_en},
abstract = {Communication and Annex on the European Green Deal},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-07-06},
journal = {European Commission - European Commission},
author = {{European Commission}},
year = {2019},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CULQG3DN/communication-european-green-deal_en.html:text/html}
}
@article{wiedenhofer_unequal_2017,
title = {Unequal household carbon footprints in {China}},
volume = {7},
issn = {1758-678X},
url = {https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161027-112645545},
abstract = {Households’ carbon footprints are unequally distributed among the rich and poor due to differences in the scale and patterns of consumption. We present distributional focused carbon footprints for Chinese households and use a carbon-footprint-Gini coefficient to quantify inequalities. We find that in 2012 the urban very rich, comprising 5\% of population, induced 19\% of the total carbon footprint from household consumption in China, with 6.4 tCO\_2/cap. The average Chinese household footprint remains comparatively low (1.7 tCO\_2/cap), while those of the rural population and urban poor, comprising 58\% of population, are 0.5–1.6 tCO\_2/cap. Between 2007 and 2012 the total footprint from households increased by 19\%, with 75\% of the increase due to growing consumption of the urban middle class and the rich. This suggests that a transformation of Chinese lifestyles away from the current trajectory of carbon-intensive consumption patterns requires policy interventions to improve living standards and encourage sustainable consumption.},
urldate = {2020-07-07},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
author = {Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Guan, Dabo and Liu, Zhu and Meng, Jing and Zhang, Ning and Wei, Yi-Ming},
month = jan,
year = {2017},
pages = {75--80},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/BEVNY3LW/Wiedenhofer et al. - 2017 - Unequal household carbon footprints in China.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QA5USXS7/71542.html:text/html}
}
@article{ivanova_environmental_2016,
title = {Environmental {Impact} {Assessment} of {Household} {Consumption}},
volume = {20},
copyright = {© 2015 by Yale University},
issn = {1530-9290},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12371},
doi = {10.1111/jiec.12371},
abstract = {We analyze the environmental impact of household consumption in terms of the material, water, and land-use requirements, as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, associated with the production and use of products and services consumed by these households. Using the new EXIOBASE 2.2 multiregional input-output database, which describes the world economy at the detail of 43 countries, five rest-of-the-world regions, and 200 product sectors, we are able to trace the origin of the products consumed by households and represent global supply chains for 2007. We highlight the importance of environmental pressure arising from households with their consumption contributing to more than 60\% of global GHG emissions and between 50\% and 80\% of total land, material, and water use. The footprints are unevenly distributed across regions, with wealthier countries generating the most significant impacts per capita. Elasticities suggest a robust and significant relationship between households’ expenditure and their environmental impacts, driven by a rising demand of nonprimary consumption items. Mobility, shelter, and food are the most important consumption categories across the environmental footprints. Globally, food accounts for 48\% and 70\% of household impacts on land and water resources, respectively, with consumption of meat, dairy, and processed food rising fast with income. Shelter and mobility stand out with high carbon and material intensity, whereas the significance of services for footprints relates to the large amount of household expenditure associated with them.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-07-07},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
author = {Ivanova, Diana and Stadler, Konstantin and Steen‐Olsen, Kjartan and Wood, Richard and Vita, Gibran and Tukker, Arnold and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
year = {2016},
note = {tex.ids: ivanovaEnvironmentalImpactAssessment2016},
keywords = {industrial ecology, environmentally extended multiregional input-output (EE-MRIO) analysis, expenditure elasticity, footprint analysis, household environmental impacts, Regression Analysis, income-stratified-footprints, regression analysis},
pages = {526--536},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/S97I8MXN/Ivanova et al. - 2016 - Environmental Impact Assessment of Household Consu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/6DFCN6KT/abstract.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/29IQXTBF/jiec.html:text/html}
}
@article{ivanova_unequal_2020,
title = {The unequal distribution of household carbon footprints in {Europe} and its link to sustainability},
volume = {3},
issn = {2059-4798},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-sustainability/article/unequal-distribution-of-household-carbon-footprints-in-europe-and-its-link-to-sustainability/F1ED4F705AF1C6C1FCAD477398353DC2},
doi = {10.1017/sus.2020.12},
abstract = {The distribution of household carbon footprints is largely unequal within and across countries. Here, we explore household-level consumption data to illustrate the distribution of carbon footprints and consumption within 26 European Union countries, regions and social groups. The analysis further sheds light on the relationships between carbon footprints and socially desirable outcomes such as income, equality, education, nutrition, sanitation, employment and adequate living conditions.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-07-07},
journal = {Global Sustainability},
author = {Ivanova, Diana and Wood, Richard},
year = {2020},
keywords = {policies, energy, human behaviour, politics and governance, adaptation and mitigation, ecology and biodiversity},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7SYMSXQP/Ivanova and Wood - 2020 - The unequal distribution of household carbon footp.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/8VXJSWU4/F1ED4F705AF1C6C1FCAD477398353DC2.html:text/html}
}
@article{ivanova_carbon_2018,
title = {Carbon mitigation in domains of high consumer lock-in},
volume = {52},
issn = {0959-3780},
url = {http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/161992/},
abstract = {As climate policy needs to address all feasible ways to reduce carbon emissions, there is an increasing focus on demand-side solutions. Studies of household carbon footprints have allocated emissions during production to the consumption of the produced goods, and provided an understanding of what products and consumer actions cause significant emissions. Social scientists have investigated how attitudes, social norms, and structural factors shape salient behavior. Yet, there is often a disconnect as emission reductions through individual actions in the important domains of housing and mobility are challenging to attain due to lock-ins and structural constraints. Furthermore, most behavioral research focuses on actions that are easy to trace but of limited consequence as a share of total emissions. Here we study specific alternative consumption patterns seeking both to understand the behavioral and structural factors that determine those patterns and to quantify their effect on carbon footprints. We do so utilizing a survey on consumer behavioral, attitudinal, contextual and socio-demographic factors in four different regions in the EU. Some differences occur in terms of the driving forces behind behaviors and their carbon intensities. Based on observed differences in mobility carbon footprints across households, we find that the key determining element to reduced emissions is settlement density, while car ownership, rising income and long distances are associated with higher mobility footprints. For housing, our results indicate that changes in dwelling standards and larger household sizes may reduce energy needs and the reliance on fossil fuels. However, there remains a strong need for incentives to reduce the carbon intensity of heating and air travel. We discuss combined effects and the role of policy in overcoming structural barriers in domains where consumers as individuals have limited agency.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-07-07},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
author = {Ivanova, D. and Vita, G. and Wood, R. and Lausselet, C. and Dumitru, A. and Krause, K. and Macsinga, I. and Hertwich, E. G.},
month = sep,
year = {2018},
pages = {117--130},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/DYX3F5CV/Ivanova et al. - 2018 - Carbon mitigation in domains of high consumer lock.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VNLWEBNC/161992.html:text/html}
}
@article{ivanova_household_2020,
title = {Household {Sharing} for {Carbon} and {Energy} {Reductions}: {The} {Case} of {EU} {Countries}},
volume = {13},
copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
shorttitle = {Household {Sharing} for {Carbon} and {Energy} {Reductions}},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/8/1909},
doi = {10.3390/en13081909},
abstract = {As households get smaller worldwide, the extent of sharing within households reduces, resulting in rising per capita energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article examines for the first time the differences in household economies of scale across EU countries as a way to support reductions in energy use and GHG emissions, while considering differences in effects across consumption domains and urban-rural typology. A country-comparative analysis is important to facilitate the formulation of context-specific initiatives and policies for resource sharing. We find that one-person households are most carbon- and energy-intensive per capita with an EU average of 9.2 tCO2eq/cap and 0.14 TJ/cap, and a total contribution of about 17\% to the EU\’s carbon and energy use. Two-person households contribute about 31\% to the EU carbon and energy footprint, while those of five or more members add about 9\%. The average carbon and energy footprints of an EU household of five or more is about half that of a one-person average household, amounting to 4.6 tCO2eq/cap and 0.07 TJ/cap. Household economies of scale vary substantially across consumption categories, urban-rural typology and EU countries. Substantial household economies of scale are noted for home energy, real estate services and miscellaneous services such as waste treatment and water supply; yet, some of the weakest household economies of scale occur in high carbon domains such as transport. Furthermore, Northern and Central European states are more likely to report strong household economies of scale\—particularly in sparsely populated areas\—compared to Southern and Eastern European countries. We discuss ways in which differences in household economies of scale may be linked to social, political and climatic conditions. We also provide policy recommendations for encouraging sharing within and between households as a contribution to climate change mitigation.},
language = {en},
number = {8},
urldate = {2020-07-07},
journal = {Energies},
author = {Ivanova, Diana and Büchs, Milena},
month = jan,
year = {2020},
keywords = {carbon footprint, consumption, European Union, climate change mitigation, energy footprint, population density, household economies of scale, household size, rural, urban},
pages = {1909},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4XF27S47/Ivanova and Büchs - 2020 - Household Sharing for Carbon and Energy Reductions.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/SV8R63FV/1909.html:text/html}
}
@article{baer_greenhouse_2009,
title = {The {Greenhouse} {Development} {Rights} {Framework}: {Drawing} {Attention} to {Inequality} within {Nations} in the {Global} {Climate} {Policy} {Debate}},
volume = {40},
copyright = {© Institute of Social Studies 2009},
issn = {1467-7660},
shorttitle = {The {Greenhouse} {Development} {Rights} {Framework}},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01614.x},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01614.x},
abstract = {The urgency of the climate problem seems to require that stringent emissions reductions begin under the political economic institutions that currently exist. Any global climate treaty must, however, at least not make global inequality worse, and ideally should embody desirable principles of justice. The Greenhouse Development Rights framework (GDRs), described briefly here, is a proposal for such a fair division of the burdens of emissions reductions and adaptation to climate change that won't be avoided, based on an assessment of capacity (ability to pay) and responsibility (contribution to the problem). The GDRs considers both inequality within countries and inequality between countries: national obligations are based on the exemption of poor individuals (under a ‘development threshold’) from global burdens. GDRs accepts the link between ‘development’ and the growth in consumption of the world's poor majority, an obvious requirement if it is to be taken seriously by Southern governments intent on ‘development as usual’. It also does not directly challenge the institutions of capitalism or the sovereignty of nation states. Nonetheless, in its focus on poor and rich people it is consistent with a class-based rather than nation-based approach to economic justice. We conclude by raising a variety of questions both about the limits of approaches like GDRs, and the need for policies that address climate change even during or after a transition beyond the current global capitalist regime.},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2020-07-11},
journal = {Development and Change},
author = {Baer, Paul and Kartha, Sivan and Athanasiou, Tom and Kemp‐Benedict, Eric},
year = {2009},
keywords = {ingram\_paper},
pages = {1121--1138},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4TP2DN7U/j.1467-7660.2009.01614.html:text/html}
}
@article{giulio_sustainable_2014,
title = {Sustainable consumption corridors: concept, objections, and responses},
volume = {23},
issn = {09405550},
shorttitle = {Sustainable consumption corridors},
url = {https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=09405550&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA403302009&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs},
language = {English},
urldate = {2020-07-11},
journal = {GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society},
author = {Giulio, Antonietta Di and Fuchs, Doris},
month = jul,
year = {2014},
pages = {184--193},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/TCM3ZZYK/anonymous.html:text/html}
}
@article{jorgenson_inequality_2018,
title = {Inequality, poverty, and the carbon intensity of human well-being in the {United} {States}: a sex-specific analysis},
volume = {13},
issn = {1862-4057},
shorttitle = {Inequality, poverty, and the carbon intensity of human well-being in the {United} {States}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0517-2},
doi = {10.1007/s11625-017-0517-2},
abstract = {Sustainability requires reducing the carbon intensity of human well-being (CIWB): the level of anthropogenic carbon emissions per unit of human well-being. Here, we examine how multiple forms of inequality affect sex-specific measures of CIWB using data for the 50 US states, while taking into account the effects of other socio-economic and political factors. Results from longitudinal models indicate that state-level female CIWB and male CIWB are both positively associated with (1) income concentration, measured as the income share of the top 10\%, and (2) the percent of the population at or below the poverty line. Overall inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, has no net effect on male CIWB or female CIWB. These findings suggest that reducing forms of inequality, especially poverty and the concentration of income among the most affluent, are potential pathways to sustainability.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2020-07-11},
journal = {Sustainability Science},
author = {Jorgenson, Andrew K. and Dietz, Thomas and Kelly, Orla},
month = jul,
year = {2018},
pages = {1167--1174}
}
@article{rao_decent_2012,
title = {“{Decent} {Living}” {Emissions}: {A} {Conceptual} {Framework}},
volume = {4},
issn = {2071-1050},
shorttitle = {“{Decent} {Living}” {Emissions}},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/gamjsusta/v_3a4_3ay_3a2012_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a656-681_3ad_3a17263.htm},
abstract = {There is very little elaboration in literature of the phrase “equitable access to sustainable development” that is referenced in the Cancun Agreement on climate change. We interpret this at a minimum as people’s right to a decent living standard, which gives rise to claims by countries to an exemption from mitigation for the energy and emissions needed to provide a decent life to all. We elaborate a conceptual framework for a comprehensive quantification of such an energy requirement, including the energy required to build out infrastructure to support these living standards. We interpret decent living as the consumption by households of a set of basic goods including adequate nutrition, shelter, health care, education, transport, refrigeration, television and mobile phones. We develop universal indicators for these activities and their infrastructure requirements, and specify a methodology to convert these to energy requirements using energy input-output analysis. Our main recommendations include estimating bottom-up, country-specific energy and emissions requirements, incorporating a minimum for methane emissions, and using international benchmarks at the sector level to encourage the reduction of countries’ energy and emissions intensity.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2020-07-11},
journal = {Sustainability},
author = {Rao, Narasimha D. and Baer, Paul},
year = {2012},
note = {tex.ids: raoDecentLivingEmissions2012},
keywords = {climate change, sustainable development, Energy, INQU, basic needs, equity, human rights, energy},
pages = {1--26},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/A966MI4N/Rao und Baer - 2012 - “Decent Living” Emissions A Conceptual Framework.pdf:application/pdf;RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/KAZGY44H/v_3a4_3ay_3a2012_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a656-681_3ad_3a17263.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/DAIJJQPK/656.html:text/html}
}
@article{boyce_inequality_1994,
title = {Inequality as a cause of environmental degradation},
volume = {11},
issn = {0921-8009},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0921800994901988},
doi = {10.1016/0921-8009(94)90198-8},
abstract = {This paper advances two hypotheses. First, the extent of an environmentally degrading economic activity is a function of the balance of power between the winners, who derive net benefits from the activity, and the losers, who bear net costs. Second, greater inequalities of power and wealth lead, all else equal, to more environmental degradation.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-07-11},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Boyce, James K.},
month = dec,
year = {1994},
keywords = {Environmental degradation, Inequality},
pages = {169--178},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/FWKCZU59/0921800994901988.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{blanchet_et_al._how_2019,
title = {How unequal is {Europe}? {Evidence} from distributional national accounts.},
institution = {WID.world Working Paper},
author = {{Blanchet et al.}},
year = {2019}
}
@misc{european_commission_climate_2016,
type = {Text},
title = {Climate strategies \& targets},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies_en},
abstract = {Climate strategies \& targets},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Climate Action - European Commission},
author = {European Commission},
month = nov,
year = {2016},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VQQZG9WI/strategies_en.html:text/html}
}
@article{girod_climate_2014,
title = {Climate policy through changing consumption choices: {Options} and obstacles for reducing greenhouse gas emissions},
volume = {25},
issn = {0959-3780},
shorttitle = {Climate policy through changing consumption choices},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378014000077},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.01.004},
abstract = {While national climate policy can address countries’ production or consumption, climate mitigation via changes in consumption has previously received relatively little attention in climate policy literature. In the absence of an effective international climate policy, the focus on consumption is gaining relevance since it has advantages regarding carbon leakage and competitiveness concerns. In addition, consumption oriented climate policy allows for low cost climate mitigation because of behavioral market failures. Therefore, a systematic evaluation of low greenhouse gas consumption options is needed. This article reviews the carbon footprint of products in the five main consumption categories (food, shelter, travel, goods and service) and compares their compatibility with the greenhouse gas intensity required in 2050 to meet the 2° climate target. The evaluation then identifies consumption options compatible with this climate target in all categories. The description of these consumption options allows for the recognition of barriers to their selection. In contrast to production oriented climate policy, besides costs, relevant barriers include consumer preferences, the skills required to find or adopt the product and high initial investments. We conclude that there is substantial climate mitigation potential from changing consumption choices which can be tapped through climate policy by addressing non-cost barriers.},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
author = {Girod, Bastien and van Vuuren, Detlef Peter and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
month = mar,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Climate policy, Sustainable consumption, Behavioral economics, Life-cycle assessment, RCP2.6 climate target},
pages = {5--15},
file = {Girod et al. - 2014 - Climate policy through changing consumption choice.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/X8L2PH8K/Girod et al. - 2014 - Climate policy through changing consumption choice.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/R8IE2HQP/S0959378014000077.html:text/html}
}
@article{oneill_good_2018,
title = {A good life for all within planetary boundaries},
volume = {1},
copyright = {2018 The Author(s)},
issn = {2398-9629},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0021-4},
doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0021-4},
abstract = {Achieving a high quality of life within the biophysical limits of the planet is a significant challenge. This study quantifies the resource use associated with meeting basic human needs, compares it to downscaled planetary boundaries for over 150 nations and finds that no country meets its citizens’ basic needs sustainably.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Nature Sustainability},
author = {O’Neill, Daniel W. and Fanning, Andrew L. and Lamb, William F. and Steinberger, Julia K.},
month = feb,
year = {2018},
pages = {88--95},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/NE8NYJ5T/s41893-018-0021-4.html:text/html}
}
@article{tukker_environmental_2016,
title = {Environmental and resource footprints in a global context: {Europe}’s structural deficit in resource endowments},
volume = {40},
issn = {0959-3780},
shorttitle = {Environmental and resource footprints in a global context},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378016301091},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.07.002},
abstract = {The European Union (EU) has proposed in its Resource-efficiency roadmap a ‘dashboard of indicators’ consisting of four headline indicators for carbon, water, land and materials. The EU recognizes the need to use a consumption-based (or ‘footprint’) perspective to capture the global dimension of resources and their impacts. In this paper, we analyse how the EU’s footprints compare to those of other nations, to what extent the EU and other major economies of the world rely on embodied resource imports, and what the implications are for policy making based on this comparison. This study is the first comprehensive multi-indicator comparison of all four policy relevant indicators, and uses a single consistent global Multi-Regional Input Output (MRIO) database with a unique and high level of product detail across countries. We find that Europe is the only region in the world that relies on net embodied imports for all indicators considered. We further find that the powerful economies of China and others in the Asia-Pacific already dominate global resource consumption from a footprint perspective, while they still haven’t reached the prosperity of developed countries. Competition for resources is hence likely to increase, making Europe even more vulnerable. A hot spot analysis suggests that final consumption of food, transport and housing are priorities for reduction efforts along the life cycle. Further, countries with a similar Human Development Index can have very different footprints, pointing at societal organisation at macro-level as option for improvement. This points at options for countries for lowering their footprint, becoming less dependent on embodied imports, while maintaining a high quality of life.},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
author = {Tukker, Arnold and Bulavskaya, Tanya and Giljum, Stefan and de Koning, Arjan and Lutter, Stephan and Simas, Moana and Stadler, Konstantin and Wood, Richard},
month = sep,
year = {2016},
keywords = {Europe, EXIOBASE, Carbon footprint, Land footprint, Materials footprint, Water footprint},
pages = {171--181},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CSQGLPEU/S0959378016301091.html:text/html}
}
@article{le_quere_global_2018,
title = {Global {Carbon} {Budget} 2018},
volume = {10},
issn = {1866-3516},
url = {https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/10/2141/2018/},
doi = {10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018},
abstract = {Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere,
ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is
important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the
development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we
describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of
the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2
emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement
production data, while emissions from land use and land-use change (ELUC),
mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and
bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured
directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual
changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN)
and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with
global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon
budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated
total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and
terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of
the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2008–2017), EFF was
9.4±0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.7±0.02 GtC yr−1,
SOCEAN 2.4±0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.2±0.8 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of
0.5 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated
sinks. For the year 2017 alone, the growth in EFF was about 1.6 \%
and emissions increased to 9.9±0.5 GtC yr−1. Also for 2017,
ELUC was 1.4±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM was 4.6±0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.5±0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.8±0.8 GtC yr−1,
with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric
CO2 concentration reached 405.0±0.1 ppm averaged over 2017.
For 2018, preliminary data for the first 6–9 months indicate a renewed
growth in EFF of +2.7 \% (range of 1.8 \% to 3.7 \%) based
on national emission projections for China, the US, the EU, and India and
projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the
carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. The analysis
presented here shows that the mean and trend in the five components of the
global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period of 1959–2017,
but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation
of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison
among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of
observations show (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land-use change
emissions, (2) a persistent low agreement among the different methods on
the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics,
and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean
models, originating outside the tropics. This living data update documents
changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget
and the progress in understanding the global carbon cycle compared with
previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018, 2016,
2015a, b, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from
https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2018.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Earth System Science Data},
author = {Le Quéré, Corinne and Andrew, Robbie M. and Friedlingstein, Pierre and Sitch, Stephen and Hauck, Judith and Pongratz, Julia and Pickers, Penelope A. and Korsbakken, Jan Ivar and Peters, Glen P. and Canadell, Josep G. and Arneth, Almut and Arora, Vivek K. and Barbero, Leticia and Bastos, Ana and Bopp, Laurent and Chevallier, Frédéric and Chini, Louise P. and Ciais, Philippe and Doney, Scott C. and Gkritzalis, Thanos and Goll, Daniel S. and Harris, Ian and Haverd, Vanessa and Hoffman, Forrest M. and Hoppema, Mario and Houghton, Richard A. and Hurtt, George and Ilyina, Tatiana and Jain, Atul K. and Johannessen, Truls and Jones, Chris D. and Kato, Etsushi and Keeling, Ralph F. and Goldewijk, Kees Klein and Landschützer, Peter and Lefèvre, Nathalie and Lienert, Sebastian and Liu, Zhu and Lombardozzi, Danica and Metzl, Nicolas and Munro, David R. and Nabel, Julia E. M. S. and Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro and Neill, Craig and Olsen, Are and Ono, Tsueno and Patra, Prabir and Peregon, Anna and Peters, Wouter and Peylin, Philippe and Pfeil, Benjamin and Pierrot, Denis and Poulter, Benjamin and Rehder, Gregor and Resplandy, Laure and Robertson, Eddy and Rocher, Matthias and Rödenbeck, Christian and Schuster, Ute and Schwinger, Jörg and Séférian, Roland and Skjelvan, Ingunn and Steinhoff, Tobias and Sutton, Adrienne and Tans, Pieter P. and Tian, Hanqin and Tilbrook, Bronte and Tubiello, Francesco N. and van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T. and van der Werf, Guido R. and Viovy, Nicolas and Walker, Anthony P. and Wiltshire, Andrew J. and Wright, Rebecca and Zaehle, Sönke and Zheng, Bo},
month = dec,
year = {2018},
pages = {2141--2194}
}
@article{goedeme_towards_2015,
title = {Towards {Cross}-{Country} {Comparable} {Reference} {Budgets} in {Europe}: {First} {Results} of a {Concerted} {Effort}},
volume = {17},
issn = {1388-2627},
shorttitle = {Towards {Cross}-{Country} {Comparable} {Reference} {Budgets} in {Europe}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/138826271501700101},
doi = {10.1177/138826271501700101},
abstract = {In Europe, reference budgets are increasingly recognised as a helpful tool for policy making and monitoring. If developed in a cross-country comparable way, reference budgets could, in addition, prove to be useful for cross-national learning and contextualising the EU social indicators. However, current reference budgets are not comparable across countries. In this article we report on the first results of a concerted effort to construct comparable reference budgets for adequate social participation in Antwerp, Athens, Barcelona, Budapest, Helsinki and Milan. We start from a single theoretical and methodological framework and carefully track differences in institutional settings, climate, culture, and the availability and prices of goods and services that justify crosscountry variations in the contents and levels of reference budgets. Results indicate that adequate social participation requires access to different goods and services in the six cities, but that, at the same time, the needs to be fulfilled are rather similar, such that the variation in the level of reference budgets is less than what would be expected on the basis of differences in median household incomes. Results also show that constructing comparable reference budgets requires substantial and intensive coordination. We suggest directions in which our approach to their construction could be improved.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {European Journal of Social Security},
author = {Goedemé, Tim and Storms, Bérénice and Stockman, Sara and Penne, Tess and Van den Bosch, Karel},
month = mar,
year = {2015},
note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd},
pages = {3--30},
file = {10.1177@138826271501700101.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/6V9W74SP/10.1177@138826271501700101.pdf:application/pdf;Submitted Version:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UBRPWZ9X/Goedemé et al. - 2015 - Towards Cross-Country Comparable Reference Budgets.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{wood_tensions_2019,
title = {Tensions, capabilities, and justice in climate change mitigation of fossil fuels},
volume = {52},
issn = {2214-6296},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629618309162},
doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.014},
abstract = {In order to mitigate the well-being impacts of climate change effectively, we must reduce our use of fossil fuels. However, many contemporary forms of well-being attainment still depend heavily on the use of fossil fuel derived energy. Therefore, certain necessary forms of climate change mitigation are likely to conflict with current means of well-being attainment in many groups and societies. In particular our concern is that certain forms of mitigation, which target lifestyle choices, consumption behaviour, and technological choices, do and will have disproportionate impacts on certain vulnerable groups in society e.g. households in fuel poverty or individuals with particular disabilities. It is evident that climate change mitigation discourse has only sparsely integrated well-being thought. We argue that a fuller integration of well-being into mitigation thinking could help avoid exacerbating current and future well-being conflicts that will arise between climate change mitigation and fossil fuel derived use. To help achieve this, we reason that climate change mitigation and fossil fuel derived use must not be viewed separately but by their relationships to well-being. We articulate the individual processes of fossil fuel derived energy use, climate change mitigation and well-being attainment in more detail, presenting their relationships to one another in the form of tensions. We present a capabilities conception of well-being that we argue is best suited for operationalising well-being with regards to fully capturing these tensions. We then develop a conceptual framework through a theoretical synthesis of existing on well-being, energy, and climate change, which illustrates how these tensions arise. This framework also serves to illustrate how a change in one process will affect the others. We outline how this framework can help illustrate the points at which misguided climate change mitigation can conflict with current means of attaining well-being from fossil derived energy. We then conclude that the use of this framework and further integration of well-being thought could help avoid and ameliorate well-being conflicts when developing future climate change mitigation.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
author = {Wood, Nathan and Roelich, Katy},
month = jun,
year = {2019},
keywords = {Mitigation, Climate change, Well-being, Energy justice, Ethics, Capabilities, Fossil fuels, Justice},
pages = {114--122},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/PRG69EHY/Wood and Roelich - 2019 - Tensions, capabilities, and justice in climate cha.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/I7ZCJMDJ/S2214629618309162.html:text/html}
}
@article{pirgmaier_roots_2019,
title = {Roots, {Riots}, and {Radical} {Change}—{A} {Road} {Less} {Travelled} for {Ecological} {Economics}},
volume = {11},
copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/7/2001},
doi = {10.3390/su11072001},
abstract = {In this paper, we put forward a new research agenda for ecological economics, based on three realisations. We then show how these can be connected through research and used to generate insights with the potential for application in broader, systemic change. The first realisation is that the core ambition of ecological economics, that of addressing the scale of human environmental resource use and associated impacts, often remains an aspirational goal, rather than being applied within research. In understanding intertwined environmental and social challenges, systemic approaches (including system dynamics) should be revitalised to address the full scope of what is possible or desirable. The second realisation is that the focus on biophysical and economic quantification and methods has been at the expense of a comprehensive social understanding of environmental impacts and barriers to change\—including the role of power, social class, geographical location, historical change, and achieving human well-being. For instance, by fetishising growth as the core problem, attention is diverted away from underlying social drivers\—monetary gains as profits, rent, or interest fuelled by capitalist competition and, ultimately, unequal power relations. The third realisation is that ecological economics situates itself with respect to mainstream (neoclassical) economics, but simultaneously adopts some of its mandate and blind spots, even in its more progressive camps. Pragmatic attempts to adopt mainstream concepts and tools often comfort, rather than challenge, the reproduction of the very power relations that stand in the way of sustainability transitions. We consider these three realisations as impediments for developing ecological economics as an emancipatory critical research paradigm and political project. We will not focus on or detail the failings of ecological economics, but state what we believe they are and reformulate them as research priorities. By describing and bringing these three elements together, we are able to outline an ambitious research agenda for ecological economics, one capable of catalysing real social change.},
language = {en},
number = {7},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Sustainability},
author = {Pirgmaier, Elke and Steinberger, Julia K.},
month = jan,
year = {2019},
note = {Number: 7
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
keywords = {planetary boundaries, value, degrowth, well-being, neoclassical economics, capital, Marxian Political Economy, systems of provision, systems perspectives},
pages = {2001},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7PEHILXZ/Pirgmaier and Steinberger - 2019 - Roots, Riots, and Radical Change—A Road Less Trave.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/DMUJ48KD/2001.html:text/html}
}
@article{alfredsson_why_2018,
title = {Why achieving the {Paris} {Agreement} requires reduced overall consumption and production},
volume = {14},
issn = {null},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2018.1458815},
doi = {10.1080/15487733.2018.1458815},
abstract = {Technological solutions to the challenge of dangerous climate change are urgent and necessary but to be effective they need to be accompanied by reductions in the total level of consumption and production of goods and services. This is for three reasons. First, private consumption and its associated production are among the key drivers of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, especially among highly emitting industrialized economies. There is no evidence that decoupling of the economy from GHG emissions is possible at the scale and speed needed. Second, investments in more sustainable infrastructure, including renewable energy, needed in coming decades will require extensive amounts of energy, largely from fossil sources, which will use up a significant share of the two-degree carbon budget. Third, improving the standard of living of the world’s poor will consume a major portion of the available carbon allowance. The scholarly community has a responsibility to put the issue of consumption and the associated production on the research and policy agenda.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy},
author = {Alfredsson, Eva and Bengtsson, Magnus and Brown, Halina Szejnwald and Isenhour, Cindy and Lorek, Sylvia and Stevis, Dimitris and Vergragt, Philip},
month = jan,
year = {2018},
keywords = {Paris Agreement, climate change, Agenda 2030, Sustainable consumption and production, sustainable investments},
pages = {1--5},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/Z4FHAM2I/Alfredsson et al. - 2018 - Why achieving the Paris Agreement requires reduced.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/Y9D28A56/15487733.2018.html:text/html}
}
@article{gough_recomposing_2017,
title = {Recomposing consumption: defining necessities for sustainable and equitable well-being},
volume = {375},
shorttitle = {Recomposing consumption},
url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2016.0379},
doi = {10.1098/rsta.2016.0379},
abstract = {This paper focuses on consumption in the affluent world and the resulting level, composition and distribution of consumption-based emissions. It argues that public policy should foster the recomposition of consumption, while not disadvantaging poorer groups in the population. To combine these two imperatives entails making a distinction between goods and services that are necessary for a basic level of well-being, and those that are surplus to this requirement. The argument proceeds in six stages. First, the paper outlines a theory of universal need, as an alternative conception of well-being to consumer preference satisfaction. Second, it proposes a dual strategy methodology for identifying need satisfiers or necessities in a given social context. Then, it applies this methodology to identify a minimum bundle of necessary consumption items in the UK and speculates how it might be used to identify a maximum bundle for sustainable consumption. The next part looks at corporate barriers and structural obstacles in the path of sustainable consumption. The following part reveals a further problem: mitigation policies can result in perverse distributional outcomes when operating in contexts of great inequality. The final section suggests four ecosocial public policies that would simultaneously advance sustainable and equitable consumption in rich nations.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’.},
number = {2095},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
author = {Gough, Ian},
month = jun,
year = {2017},
pages = {20160379},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/BDQPZQ9Z/Gough - 2017 - Recomposing consumption defining necessities for .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RGNMFYF8/rsta.2016.html:text/html}
}
@article{kerkhof_determinants_2009,
title = {Determinants of variation in household {CO}2 emissions between and within countries},
volume = {37},
issn = {0301-4215},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeenepol/v_3a37_3ay_3a2009_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a1509-1517.htm},
abstract = {Variation in household CO2 emissions between and within countries may have important consequences for the equity dimension of climate policies. In this study we aim to identify some determinants of national household CO2 emissions and their distribution across income groups. For that purpose, we quantify the CO2 emissions of households in the Netherlands, UK, Sweden and Norway around the year 2000 by combining a hybrid approach of process analysis and input-output analysis with data on household expenditures. Our results show that average households in the Netherlands and the UK give rise to higher amounts of CO2 emissions than households in Sweden and Norway. Moreover, CO2 emission intensities of household consumption decrease with increasing income in the Netherlands and the UK, whereas they increase in Sweden and Norway. A comparison of the national results at the product level points out that country characteristics, like energy supply, population density and the availability of district heating, influence variation in household CO2 emissions between and within countries.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Energy Policy},
author = {Kerkhof, Annemarie C. and Benders, Ren M. J. and Moll, Henri C.},
year = {2009},
keywords = {Hybrid analysis Household consumption CO2 emissions},
pages = {1509--1517},
file = {RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/HVCIVJPH/v_3a37_3ay_3a2009_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a1509-1517.html:text/html}
}
@article{roberts_into_2020,
title = {Into a {Headwind}: {Canadian} cycle commuting and the growth of sustainable practices in hostile political contexts},
volume = {70},
issn = {2214-6296},
shorttitle = {Into a {Headwind}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629620302541},
doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101679},
abstract = {Political obstacles are one of the biggest single challenges in the development of more sustainable transportation. Motorists, car producers, road builders, and others with a vested interest in the continued domination of the private automobile are a powerful political bloc, while professional experts in town planning or traffic engineering tend to privilege cars over alternatives. While there have been successes at promoting sustainable transportation in a handful of cities around the world, the political power of the car continues to hold sway in most places, creating powerful resistance against any policy efforts to promote walking, cycling, or transit. This article uses a case study of the history of bike commuting in Canada to show how sustainable transportation practices can grow and win political victories despite this resistance. Canadian cyclists have had several such victories, despite the hostile context in which they find themselves. Much of this is due to the fact that they were able to form effective social movements to champion their interests. Using the literature on policy feedbacks and communities of practice, this article shows that these successful movements emerged out of a confluence of material, cultural, and political developments; and that there are ways for policymakers to encourage these developments as a form of policy feedback. It concludes by discussing the implications of this not just for cycling policy, but also for sustainability transitions more generally.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-07-14},
journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
author = {Roberts, Cameron},
month = dec,
year = {2020},
keywords = {Cycle commuting, Policy feedbacks, Politics of transitions, Practice coalitions, Sustainable mobility},
pages = {101679},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/FA9R7XRA/S2214629620302541.html:text/html}
}
@article{garrett_past_2020,
title = {Past production constrains current energy demands: persistent scaling in global energy consumption and implications for climate change mitigation},
shorttitle = {Past production constrains current energy demands},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03718},
abstract = {Climate change has become intertwined with the global economy. Here, we describe the importance of inertia to continued growth in energy consumption. Drawing from thermodynamic arguments, and using 38 years of available statistics between 1980 to 2017, we find a persistent time-independent scaling between the historical time integral \$W\$ of world inflation-adjusted economic production \$Y\$, or \$W{\textbackslash}left(t{\textbackslash}right) = {\textbackslash}int\_0{\textasciicircum}t Y{\textbackslash}left(t'{\textbackslash}right)dt'\$, and current rates of world primary energy consumption \${\textbackslash}mathcal E\$, such that \${\textbackslash}lambda = {\textbackslash}mathcal\{E\}/W = 5.9{\textbackslash}pm0.1\$ Gigawatts per trillion 2010 US dollars. This empirical result implies that population expansion is a symptom rather than a cause of the current exponential rise in \${\textbackslash}mathcal E\$ and carbon dioxide emissions \$C\$, and that it is past innovation of economic production efficiency \$Y/{\textbackslash}mathcal\{E\}\$ that has been the primary driver of growth, at predicted rates that agree well with data. Options for stabilizing \$C\$ are then limited to rapid decarbonization of \${\textbackslash}mathcal E\$ through sustained implementation of over one Gigawatt of renewable or nuclear power capacity per day. Alternatively, assuming continued reliance on fossil fuels, civilization could shift to a steady-state economy that devotes economic production exclusively to maintenance rather than expansion. If this were instituted immediately, continual energy consumption would still be required, so atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations would not balance natural sinks until concentrations exceeded 500 ppmv, and double pre-industrial levels if the steady-state was attained by 2030.},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {arXiv:2006.03718 [physics, q-fin]},
author = {Garrett, Timothy J. and Grasselli, Matheus R. and Keen, Stephen},
month = jun,
year = {2020},
note = {arXiv: 2006.03718},
keywords = {Physics - Physics and Society, Economics - General Economics},
file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RT73IATB/Garrett et al. - 2020 - Past production constrains current energy demands.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/M63B8IJD/2006.html:text/html}
}
@article{buchs_challenges_2019,
title = {Challenges for the degrowth transition: {The} debate about wellbeing},
volume = {105},
issn = {0016-3287},
shorttitle = {Challenges for the degrowth transition},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328718300715},
doi = {10.1016/j.futures.2018.09.002},
abstract = {Degrowth scholars and activists have convincingly argued that degrowth in developed nations will need to be part of a global effort to tackle climate change, and to preserve the conditions for future generations’ basic needs satisfaction. However, the barriers to building a broader degrowth movement appear to be very entrenched at present. To improve the political feasibility of degrowth it is important to better understand these structural obstacles and develop arguments and strategies to address them. To contribute to the degrowth debate we focus in this paper on current generations in rich countries and their concerns about possible short- to medium term wellbeing outcomes of degrowth. In particular, we highlight the ‘growth lock-in’ of current societies and how a transition away from this model might therefore affect wellbeing. We also argue that taking the basic human needs framework as a new ‘measuring rod’ for wellbeing outcomes is suitable for a degrowth context, but likely to clash with people’s current expectations of ever improving health and wellbeing outcomes. We propose that deliberative forums on future needs satisfaction can help establish a ‘dialogue’ between current and future generations which could support cultural shifts on wellbeing thinking which will be much needed for advancing the cause for degrowth.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Futures},
author = {Büchs, Milena and Koch, Max},
month = jan,
year = {2019},
keywords = {Wellbeing, Degrowth, Deliberation, Future Generations, Happiness, Postgrowth, Universal Needs},
pages = {155--165},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/Y4QZFKHS/Büchs and Koch - 2019 - Challenges for the degrowth transition The debate.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4QKNG6BR/S0016328718300715.html:text/html}
}
@article{spengler_two_2016,
title = {Two types of ‘enough’: sufficiency as minimum and maximum},
volume = {25},
issn = {0964-4016},
shorttitle = {Two types of ‘enough’},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2016.1164355},
doi = {10.1080/09644016.2016.1164355},
abstract = {The question ‘how much is enough?’ can be related to two different kinds of thresholds: minimum and maximum levels. Two separate discussions on these levels are held within two different research fields – abstract justice theory and practical environmental science – and both use the term ‘sufficiency’ to denominate their subject. The discussion in each research field is concentrated almost exclusively on either minimum or maximum levels. It is argued instead that both are closely linked to each other and that the combination of both types of thresholds actually results in what the concept of sustainability demands. The aims here are to bring these two sufficiency debates together and to explore conceptual links as well as differences.},
number = {5},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Environmental Politics},
author = {Spengler, Laura},
month = sep,
year = {2016},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2016.1164355},
keywords = {sustainability, consumption, sufficiency, enough, justice theory, sufficientarianism},
pages = {921--940},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IWAB4ACZ/09644016.2016.html:text/html}
}
@misc{maalouli_climate_nodate,
title = {Climate laws: frameworks to help governments become climate neutral - {European} {Climate} {Foundation}},
shorttitle = {Climate laws},
url = {https://europeanclimate.org/resources/climate-laws-recipes-to-help-governments-become-climate-neutral/},
abstract = {A new study by Ecologic Institute analyses the national climate laws in European countries and identifies a set of common elements and good practices that can inform national climate laws and the debate on an EU climate law.},
language = {en\_US},
urldate = {2020-07-28},
journal = {https://europeanclimate.org/},
author = {Maalouli, Manon},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/C94SPQZT/climate-laws-recipes-to-help-governments-become-climate-neutral.html:text/html}
}
@article{hardadi_implications_2020,
title = {Implications of the distribution of {German} household environmental footprints across income groups for integrating environmental and social policy design},
volume = {n/a},
copyright = {© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Industrial Ecology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Yale University},
issn = {1530-9290},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.13045},
doi = {10.1111/jiec.13045},
abstract = {The distribution of German household environmental footprints (EnvFs) across income groups is analyzed by using EXIOBASE v3.6 and the consumer expenditure survey of 2013. Expenditure underreporting is corrected by using a novel method, where the expenditures are modeled as truncated normal distribution. The focus lies on carbon (CF) and material (MF) footprints, which for average German households are 9.1 ± 0.4 metric tons CO2e and 10.9 ± 0.6 metric tons material per capita. Although the lowest-income group has the lowest share of transportation in EnvFs, at 10.4\% (CF) and 3.9\% (MF), it has the highest share of electricity and utilities in EnvFs, at 39.4\% (CF) and 16.7\% (MF). In contrast, the highest-income group has the highest share of transportation in EnvFs, at 20.3\% (CF) and 12.4\% (MF). The highest-income group has a higher share of emissions produced overseas (38.6\% vs. 34.3\%) and imported resource use (69.9\% vs. 66.4\%) compared to the average households. When substituting 50\% of imported goods with domestic ones in a counterfactual scenario, this group only decreases its CF by 2.8\% and MF by 5.3\%. Although incomes in Germany are distributed more equally (Gini index 0.28), the German household CF is distributed less equally (0.16). A uniform carbon tax across all sectors would be regressive (Suits index −0.13). Hence, a revenue recycling scheme is necessary to alleviate the burden on low-income households. The overall carbon intensity shows an inverted-U trend due to the increasing consumption of carbon-intensive heating for lower-income groups, indicating a possible rebound effect for these groups. This article met the requirements for a gold – gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.},
language = {en},
number = {n/a},
urldate = {2020-07-29},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
author = {Hardadi, Gilang and Buchholz, Alexander and Pauliuk, Stefan},
year = {2020},
keywords = {carbon footprint, industrial ecology, inequality, uncertainty, carbon tax, input–output analysis (IOA)},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CFTBJ749/Hardadi et al. - Implications of the distribution of German househo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/9J5PQJCC/jiec.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{eurostat_manual_2015,
title = {Manual for air emission accounts},
author = {{Eurostat}},
year = {2015}
}
@misc{boland_european_2020,
type = {Text},
title = {European {Green} {Deal}: what role can taxation play?},
shorttitle = {European {Green} {Deal}},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/commission-priorities-2019-24/european-green-deal-what-role-can-taxation-play_en},
abstract = {European Green Deal: what role can taxation play?},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-08-07},
journal = {Taxation and Customs Union - European Commission},
author = {BOLAND, Marie},
month = feb,
year = {2020},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/D79PHPK8/european-green-deal-what-role-can-taxation-play_en.html:text/html}
}
@misc{european_commission_european_2020,
type = {Text},
title = {The {European} {Green} {Deal} {Investment} {Plan} and {JTM} explained},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_24},
abstract = {The European Green Deal Investment Plan and Just Transition Mechanism explained},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-08-07},
journal = {European Commission - European Commission},
author = {{European Commission}},
year = {2020},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AHY3EF7K/qanda_20_24.html:text/html}
}
@article{vita_environmental_2019,
title = {The {Environmental} {Impact} of {Green} {Consumption} and {Sufficiency} {Lifestyles} {Scenarios} in {Europe}: {Connecting} {Local} {Sustainability} {Visions} to {Global} {Consequences}},
volume = {164},
issn = {0921-8009},
shorttitle = {The {Environmental} {Impact} of {Green} {Consumption} and {Sufficiency} {Lifestyles} {Scenarios} in {Europe}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800918308930},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.05.002},
abstract = {The sustainability transformation calls for policies that consider the global consequences of local lifestyles. We used stakeholders' visions of sustainable lifestyles across Europe to build 19 scenarios of sufficiency (net reductions) and 17 of green consumption (shift in consumption patterns). We applied Environmentally Extended Multi-Regional Input-Output analysis to model scenarios by assuming widespread adoption of the proposed lifestyles changes. Finally, we estimated the domestic and foreign implications for land, water, carbon and human toxicity potential. We distinguish the options with most potential from those that are seemingly fruitless or present backfire risks. While our method allows for testing a large number scenarios under a consistent framework, further work is needed to add robustness to the scenarios. However, we do find a range of indicative results that have strong potential to contribute to mitigation efforts. Services: We find that a local and sharing service economy has a maximum reduction potential of 18\% of the European carbon footprint (CF). Clothing \& Appliances: Sharing and extending lifetimes of clothes and devices could diminish CF by approximately 3\%. Transport: Reducing motorized transport by remote work and active travel could mitigate between 9 and 26\% of CF. Food: Vegan diets could spare 4\% of the land and reduce up to 14\% of CF. Bio-economy: Switching to biomaterials and bioenergy tend to reduce carbon and toxic emissions at the risk of increasing water and land use. Housing: Passive housing and decentralized renewable energy reduces carbon emissions up to 5 and 14\%, respectively. We characterize the sensitivity of our results by modelling income rebound effects and confirm the importance of deterring expenditure in resource intensive goods.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-08-10},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Vita, Gibran and Lundström, Johan R. and Hertwich, Edgar G. and Quist, Jaco and Ivanova, Diana and Stadler, Konstantin and Wood, Richard},
month = oct,
year = {2019},
keywords = {Sufficiency, Backcasting, Environmental footprints, Environmentally-Extended Multiregional Input-Output (EE-MRIO), Green consumption, Participatory modelling, Quality of life, Sustainable lifestyles},
pages = {106322},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/T2RZNXWH/S0921800918308930.html:text/html}
}
@incollection{jensen_framing_2019,
address = {Cham},
title = {Framing the {Sustainable} {Energy} {Challenge} and {Implications} for {Solutions}},
isbn = {978-3-030-20339-9},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20339-9_2},
abstract = {Sustainable consumption policies often rely on ecological modernisation rationality, where the focus is usually on making current consumption patterns more sustainable in such a way that status quo (ideas about the quality of life and growth) is not challenged. As a result, sustainable energy policies tend to black box the demand-side, often resulting in abstracting efficiency strategies from the social organisation within which the strategies and resulting solutions unfold. Rebound effects and other unintended consequences often happen as a result of this type of efficiency strategies. This chapter introduces alternative problem framings that may offer a way to mitigate rebound effects by addressing and challenging a wider set of socio-material, cultural and institutional aspects of energy demand.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-08-10},
booktitle = {Energy {Demand} {Challenges} in {Europe}: {Implications} for policy, planning and practice},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
author = {Jensen, Charlotte and Røpke, Inge and Goggins, Gary and Fahy, Frances},
editor = {Fahy, Frances and Goggins, Gary and Jensen, Charlotte},
year = {2019},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-20339-9_2},
keywords = {Energy policy, Sustainable consumption, Energy demand, Transformation, Problem framings},
pages = {9--19},
file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/6U6ZIFNC/Jensen et al. - 2019 - Framing the Sustainable Energy Challenge and Impli.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{orourke_transforming_2015,
title = {Transforming {Consumption}: {From} {Decoupling}, to {Behavior} {Change}, to {System} {Changes} for {Sustainable} {Consumption}},
volume = {40},
shorttitle = {Transforming {Consumption}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021224},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021224},
abstract = {Consumption, although often considered an individual choice, is deeply ingrained in behaviors, cultures, and institutions, and is driven and supported by corporate and government practices. Consumption is also at the heart of many of our most critical ecological, health, and social problems. What is referred to broadly as sustainable consumption has primarily focused on making consumption more efficient and gradually decoupling it from energy and resource use. We argue for the need to focus sustainable consumption initiatives on the key impact areas of consumption—transport, housing, energy use, and food—and at deeper levels of system change. To meet the scale of the sustainability challenges we face, interventions and policies must move from relative decoupling via technological improvements, to strategies to change the behavior of individual consumers, to broader initiatives to change systems of production and consumption. We seek to connect these emerging literatures on behavior change, structural interventions, and sustainability transitions to arrive at integrated frameworks for learning, iteration, and scaling of sustainability innovations. We sketch the outlines of research and practice that offer potentials for system changes for truly sustainable consumption.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-08-10},
journal = {Annual Review of Environment and Resources},
author = {O'Rourke, Dara and Lollo, Niklas},
year = {2015},
pages = {233--259}
}
@article{bjorn_pursuing_2018,
title = {Pursuing necessary reductions in embedded {GHG} emissions of developed nations: {Will} efficiency improvements and changes in consumption get us there?},
volume = {52},
issn = {0959-3780},
shorttitle = {Pursuing necessary reductions in embedded {GHG} emissions of developed nations},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378017304223},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.08.001},
abstract = {The COP21 summit in Paris led to a policy commitment of limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5–2.0 °C and this can be translated to a global annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emission budget that is shrinking rapidly throughout the 21st century. Here, we estimate the reductions in GHG emission intensities of technologies that will be required for the embedded GHG emissions of a developed nation to stay within its fair share of a global emission budget in the year 2050. The estimates are made for different conceivable developments in consumption patterns in the case of Denmark, based on a large survey of current consumption patterns. To evaluate whether the required emission intensity reductions are likely to be met, they are compared to historic time series of emission intensities and to projections for 2050, based on policies currently in place, for ten technologies that have a high contribution to current GHG emissions. We estimate that emission intensities must be reduced by factors of 2–12 and 5–14, depending on the development in consumption, for the 2.0 and 1.5 °C climate goals, respectively. Of the ten selected technologies, only electricity supply is projected to, partially, meet the most strict reduction target, applying to a scenario where all inhabitants in 2050 consume as the most consuming inhabitants today. The results indicate that both a change in “consumption as usual” and in “business as usual” is needed for developed nations to meet equitable climate targets. This has implications for national and international policies targeting GHG emission intensities and may require a new orientation of policies to consider the societal structures around consumption.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-08-10},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
author = {Bjørn, Anders and Kalbar, Pradip and Nygaard, Simon Elsborg and Kabins, Simon and Jensen, Charlotte Louise and Birkved, Morten and Schmidt, Jannick and Hauschild, Michael Zwicky},
month = sep,
year = {2018},
keywords = {Paris Agreement, Consumption patterns, Climate goals, Embedded emissions, Emission intensity, Frozen policy},
pages = {314--324},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/E64I5W7H/S0959378017304223.html:text/html}
}
@article{vita_happier_2020,
title = {Happier with less? {Members} of {European} environmental grassroots initiatives reconcile lower carbon footprints with higher life satisfaction and income increases},
volume = {60},
issn = {2214-6296},
shorttitle = {Happier with less?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629619302944},
doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2019.101329},
abstract = {Scientists and policymakers recognize the need to address consumption and lifestyles in order to reconcile environmental and development agendas. Sustainability-oriented grassroots initiatives emerge bottom-up to create opportunities for sustainable lifestyles; yet no prior assessment has ascertained the efficacy of their members to reduce carbon footprints (CF) and enhance well-being. We compare the CF of non-members and members of grassroots initiatives in the domains of food, clothing, housing and transport. We further compare the groups by testing the influence of socio-economic variables that are typically associated with both footprint and well-being. Here we show that grassroots initiative members have 16\% lower total carbon footprint, and 43\% and 86\% lower carbon footprints for food and clothing respectively, compared to their “non-member” regional socio-demographic counterparts. We find a higher adoption of some energy-saving behaviors for initiative members such as greater active travel distance and lower indoor temperatures in the winter, yet no significant differences in the CF of housing and transport. Interestingly, increases in income are not associated with increases in the total CF of members, while the influence of income is confirmed for the CF of the total sample. Instead, factors such as age, household size, and gender better explain the variation in the domain-specific CFs of initiative members. Finally, members show higher life satisfaction compared to non-members and are 11–13\% more likely to evaluate their life positively. Our results suggest that initiative members uncover lifestyle features that not only enable lower emissions, but also reconcile emissions with income and well-being.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-08-10},
journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
author = {Vita, Gibran and Ivanova, Diana and Dumitru, Adina and García-Mira, Ricardo and Carrus, Giuseppe and Stadler, Konstantin and Krause, Karen and Wood, Richard and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
month = feb,
year = {2020},
keywords = {carbon footprint, sustainable consumption, double dividend, grassroots initiatives, life satisfaction, volunteers},
pages = {101329},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/2VME4EQ6/S2214629619302944.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{united_nations_environment_programme_emissions_2019,
title = {Emissions {Gap} {Report} 2019},
institution = {UNEP, Nairobi},
author = {{United Nations Environment Programme}},
year = {2019}
}
@techreport{un_-_agecc_energy_2010,
title = {Energy for a {Sustainable} {Future}: {Report} and {Recommendations}},
institution = {UN - AGECC},
author = {{UN - AGECC}},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{eurostat_eurostat_2020,
title = {Eurostat - {Data} {Explorer}},
url = {https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do},
urldate = {2020-08-11},
author = {{Eurostat}},
year = {2020},
file = {Eurostat - Data Explorer:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/A7WSC3KT/submitViewTableAction.html:text/html}
}
@article{werner_international_2017,
title = {International review of district heating and cooling},
volume = {137},
issn = {0360-5442},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054421730614X},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.045},
abstract = {The purpose with this review is to provide a presentation of the background for the current position for district heating and cooling in the world, with some deeper insights into European conditions. The review structure considers the market, technical, supply, environmental, institutional, and future contexts. The main global conclusions are low utilisation of district heating in buildings, varying implementation rates with respect to countries, moderate commitment to the fundamental idea of district heating, low recognition of possible carbon dioxide emission reductions, and low awareness in general of the district heating and cooling benefits. The cold deliveries from district cooling systems are much smaller than heat deliveries from district heating systems. The European situation can be characterised by higher commitment to the fundamental idea of district heating, lower specific carbon dioxide emissions, and higher awareness of the district heating and cooling benefits. The conclusions obtained from the six contexts analysed show that district heating and cooling systems have strong potentials to be viable heat and cold supply options in a future world. However, more efforts are required for identification, assessment, and implementation of these potentials in order to harvest the global benefits with district heating and cooling.},
urldate = {2020-08-11},
journal = {Energy},
author = {Werner, Sven},
month = oct,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Energy efficiency, Carbon dioxide emissions, District cooling, District heating, Heat recycling},
pages = {617--631},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IC8JXV4T/Werner - 2017 - International review of district heating and cooli.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/9ZSBMBAG/S036054421730614X.html:text/html}
}
@article{sommer_carbon_2017,
title = {The {Carbon} {Footprint} of {European} {Households} and {Income} {Distribution}},
volume = {136},
issn = {0921-8009},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecolec/v_3a136_3ay_3a2017_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a62-72.htm},
abstract = {This paper calculates the carbon footprint of private consumption in the EU27 by five groups of household income, using a fully fledged macroeconomic input-output model covering 59 industries and five groups of household income for the EU27. Due to macroeconomic feedback mechanisms, this methodology – besides induced intermediate demand – also quantifies: (i) private consumption induced in the other household groups, (ii) impacts on other endogenous final demand components, and (iii) negative feedback effects due to output price effects of household demand. The carbon footprint is calculated separately for the consumption vector of each of the five income groups. The simulation results yield a non-linear income elasticity of direct and indirect emissions at each income level: the value of the direct footprint income elasticity decreases from 1.32 (first quintile) to 0.69 (fourth quintile). The value of the indirect footprint income elasticity is always below unity and decreases from 0.89 to 0.62. The results in general reveal a relative decoupling effect: the share of the top income group in income (45\%) is much larger than its share in the carbon footprint (37\%) and vice versa for the bottom income group (6\% in income and 8\% in footprint).},
number = {C},
urldate = {2020-08-12},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Sommer, Mark and Kratena, Kurt},
year = {2017},
keywords = {Carbon footprint, Income distribution, CGE modeling},
pages = {62--72},
file = {RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RNFM8CRH/v_3a136_3ay_3a2017_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a62-72.html:text/html}
}
@article{rao_energy_2019,
title = {Energy requirements for decent living in {India}, {Brazil} and {South} {Africa}},
volume = {4},
copyright = {2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
issn = {2058-7546},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-019-0497-9},
doi = {10.1038/s41560-019-0497-9},
abstract = {For over 30 years, researchers have tried to estimate how much energy societies require to provide for everyone’s basic needs. This question gains importance with climate change, because global scenarios of climate stabilization assume strong reductions in energy demand growth in developing countries. Here, we estimate bottom-up the energy embodied in the material underpinnings of decent living standards for India, Brazil and South Africa. We find that our estimates fall within these countries’ energy demand projections in global scenarios of climate stabilization at 2 °C, but to different extents. Further, national policies that encourage public transportation and sustainable housing construction will be critical to reduce these energy needs. The results of this study offer a benchmark to compare countries’ mitigation efforts and technology transfer arrangements to assess the extent to which they address development priorities in an equitable manner.},
language = {en},
number = {12},
urldate = {2020-08-18},
journal = {Nature Energy},
author = {Rao, Narasimha D. and Min, Jihoon and Mastrucci, Alessio},
month = dec,
year = {2019},
pages = {1025--1032},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/HX7WSQ34/s41560-019-0497-9.html:text/html}
}
@article{creutzig_catching_2014,
title = {Catching two {European} birds with one renewable stone: {Mitigating} climate change and {Eurozone} crisis by an energy transition},
volume = {38},
issn = {1364-0321},
shorttitle = {Catching two {European} birds with one renewable stone},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeerensus/v_3a38_3ay_3a2014_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a1015-1028.htm},
abstract = {The threat of climate change and other risks for ecosystems and human health require a transition of the energy system from fossil fuels towards renewable energies and higher efficiency. The European geographical periphery, and specifically Southern Europe, has considerable potential for renewable energies. At the same time it is also stricken by high levels of public debt and unemployment, and struggles with austerity policies as consequences of the Eurozone crisis. Modeling studies find a broad optimum when searching for a cost-optimal deployment of renewable energy installations. This allows for the consideration of additional policy objectives. Simultaneously, economists argue for an increase in public expenditure to compensate for the slump in private investments and to provide economic stimulus. This paper combines these two perspectives. We assess the potential for renewable energies in the European periphery, and highlight relevant costs and barriers for a large-scale transition to a renewable energy system. We find that a European energy transition with a high-level of renewable energy installations in the periphery could act as an economic stimulus, decrease trade deficits, and possibly have positive employment effects. Our analysis also suggests that country-specific conditions and policy frameworks require member state policies to play a leading role in fostering an energy transition. This notwithstanding, a stronger European-wide coordination of regulatory frameworks and supportive funding schemes would leverage country-specific action. Renewed solidarity could be the most valuable outcome of a commonly designed and implemented European energy transition.},
number = {C},
urldate = {2020-08-19},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
author = {Creutzig, Felix and Goldschmidt, Jan Christoph and Lehmann, Paul and Schmid, Eva and von Blücher, Felix and Breyer, Christian and Fernandez, Blanca and Jakob, Michael and Knopf, Brigitte and Lohrey, Steffen and Susca, Tiziana and Wiegandt, Konstantin},
year = {2014},
keywords = {Europe, Energy transition, Multiple-objective policy framework, Renewable energies},
pages = {1015--1028},
file = {RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/PL4JEDEP/v_3a38_3ay_3a2014_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a1015-1028.html:text/html}
}
@article{bouzarovski_energy_2017,
title = {The energy divide: {Integrating} energy transitions, regional inequalities and poverty trends in the {European} {Union}},
volume = {24},
issn = {0969-7764},
shorttitle = {The energy divide},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776415596449},
doi = {10.1177/0969776415596449},
abstract = {Energy poverty can be understood as the inability of a household to secure a socially and materially necessitated level of energy services in the home. While the condition is widespread across Europe, its spatial and social distribution is highly uneven. In this paper, the existence of a geographical energy poverty divide in the European Union (EU) provides a starting point for conceptualizing and exploring the relationship between energy transitions – commonly described as wide-ranging processes of socio-technical change – and existing patterns of regional economic inequality. We have undertaken a comprehensive analysis of spatial and temporal trends in the national-scale patterns of energy poverty, as well as gas and electricity prices. The results of our work indicate that the classic economic development distinction between the core and periphery also holds true in the case of energy poverty, as the incidence of this phenomenon is significantly higher in Southern and Eastern European EU Member States. The paper thus aims to provide the building blocks for a novel theoretical integration of questions of path-dependency, uneven development and material deprivation in existing interpretations of energy transitions.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-08-19},
journal = {European Urban and Regional Studies},
author = {Bouzarovski, Stefan and Tirado Herrero, Sergio},
month = jan,
year = {2017},
pages = {69--86},
file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/GT8KPUEQ/Bouzarovski and Tirado Herrero - 2017 - The energy divide Integrating energy transitions,.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{tobben_regional_2017,
title = {Regional {Net} {Impacts} and {Social} {Distribution} {Effects} of {Promoting} {Renewable} {Energies} in {Germany}},
volume = {135},
issn = {0921-8009},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800916302178},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.010},
abstract = {This paper concerns the net effects of promoting renewable energies on value added and disposable income in Germany, as well as their distribution among regions and income brackets. Since its entry into force, the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) has stimulated tremendous investments in renewable energy capacities by guaranteeing investors a fixed price per kWh as well as a preferred feed into the grid over electricity from conventional sources. The policy measures are financed by a surcharge on electricity prices. In recent years, a controversy has arisen about potentially negative regional and social distribution effects. In this paper, multiregional price and quantity input-output models with endogenous heterogeneous households are used to trace the indirect impacts of the EEG on value added and disposable income through the complex network of regional value chains. Our findings suggest that the generation of electricity from renewable sources itself leads to small positive impacts on industries, but leads to a significant drain on household income and has regressive distributive effects. However, investment in new capacities may possibly transform these negative impacts into a positive direction for the majority of households.},
urldate = {2020-08-19},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Többen, Johannes},
month = may,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Income distribution, Feed-in tariffs, Multiregional input-output, Regional distribution, Renewable Energies Act},
pages = {195--208},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UQ3A5X3H/S0921800916302178.html:text/html}
}
@article{rausch_distributional_2011,
title = {Distributional impacts of carbon pricing: {A} general equilibrium approach with micro-data for households},
volume = {33},
issn = {0140-9883},
shorttitle = {Distributional impacts of carbon pricing},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeeneeco/v_3a33_3ay_3a2011_3ai_3as1_3ap_3as20-s33.htm},
abstract = {Many policies to limit greenhouse gas emissions have at their core efforts to put a price on carbon emissions. Carbon pricing impacts households both by raising the cost of carbon intensive products and by changing factor prices. A complete analysis requires taking both effects into account. The impact of carbon pricing is determined by heterogeneity in household spending patterns across income groups as well as heterogeneity in factor income patterns across income groups. It is also affected by precise formulation of the policy (how is the revenue from carbon pricing distributed) as well as the treatment of other government policies (e.g. the treatment of transfer payments). What is often neglected in analyses of policy is the heterogeneity of impacts across households even within income or regional groups. In this paper, we incorporate 15,588 households from the U.S. Consumer and Expenditure Survey data as individual agents in a comparative-static general equilibrium framework. These households are represented within the MIT USREP model, a detailed general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy. In particular, we categorize households by full household income (factor income as well as transfer income) and apply various measures of lifetime income to distinguish households that are temporarily low-income (e.g., retired households drawing down their financial assets) from permanently low-income households. We also provide detailed within-group distributional measures of burden impacts from various policy scenarios.},
number = {S1},
urldate = {2020-08-19},
journal = {Energy Economics},
author = {Rausch, Sebastian and Metcalf, Gilbert and Reilly, John},
year = {2011},
keywords = {Carbon pricing, General equilibrium, Distributional effects, Micro-simulation},
pages = {S20--S33},
file = {RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QXF3E2KB/v_3a33_3ay_3a2011_3ai_3as1_3ap_3as20-s33.html:text/html}
}
@article{ekins_european_1999,
title = {European environmental taxes and charges: recent experience, issues and trends},
volume = {31},
issn = {0921-8009},
shorttitle = {European environmental taxes and charges},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800999000518},
doi = {10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00051-8},
abstract = {The use of environmental taxes and charges in OECD countries increased by over 50\% between 1987 and 1994. While revenues raised by environmental taxes and charges remain small relative to overall taxation, they comprise a rising proportion in most European countries. Several European countries have either undertaken or are considering systematic shifts in taxes away from labour and onto the use of environmental resources. Potential negative effects on competitiveness, and regressive distributional effects, are the major cause of concern with regard to the introduction of environmental taxes. A number of ways of mitigating such effects exist and have been implemented.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-08-19},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Ekins, Paul},
month = oct,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Distributional effects, Competitiveness, Environmental tax, Negative effects, Systematic shift},
pages = {39--62},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VCTJTE56/S0921800999000518.html:text/html}
}
@article{tovar_reanos_household_2018,
title = {Household energy prices and inequality: {Evidence} from {German} microdata based on the {EASI} demand system},
volume = {70},
shorttitle = {Household energy prices and inequality},
url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v70y2018icp84-97.html},
abstract = {This paper studies the distributional effects of rising energy costs for households. In contrast to most of the previous literature, our specification differentiates between electricity and heating demand and still models other consumption goods in realistic detail. We use a yet unexplored data-set on household expenditures in Germany and extend the recently developed EASI demand system for the analysis of inequality and welfare at the individual and social level. The EASI system reveals non-linearity of Engel curves which – when neglected – can lead to biased estimates of distributional effects. We find that increases in heating prices are more regressive than those in electricity. Furthermore, current proposals for social tariffs are found to be less effective than targeted compensation schemes.},
language = {en},
number = {C},
urldate = {2020-08-19},
journal = {Energy Economics},
author = {Tovar Reaños, Miguel A. and Wölfing, Nikolas M.},
year = {2018},
keywords = {Demand elasticities, Demand system estimation, Energy taxes, Household energy demand, Social tariffs},
pages = {84--97},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/EWIJEDTP/v70y2018icp84-97.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{un_general_assembly_transforming_2015,
title = {Transforming our world : the 2030 {Agenda} for {Sustainable} {Development}},
shorttitle = {Refworld {\textbar} {Transforming} our world},
url = {https://www.refworld.org/docid/57b6e3e44.html},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-08-28},
author = {{UN General Assembly}},
year = {2015},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/HRFTILHN/57b6e3e44.html:text/html}
}
@article{steenolsen_carbon_2016,
title = {The {Carbon} {Footprint} of {Norwegian} {Household} {Consumption} 1999–2012},
volume = {20},
copyright = {© 2016 by Yale University},
issn = {1530-9290},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12405},
doi = {10.1111/jiec.12405},
abstract = {Environmentally extended input-output analysis is the prevailing method for national environmental footprint accounting; however, its practical usefulness for consumers and policy makers suffers from lack of detail. Several extensive global multiregional input-output (MRIO) databases have recently been released. A standard framework for linking such databases with the highly detailed household expenditure surveys that are conducted regularly by national statistics offices has the potential of providing analysts in countries worldwide with a powerful tool for in-depth analyses of their national environmental footprints. In this article, we combine the Norwegian consumer expenditure survey with a global MRIO database to assess the carbon footprint (CF) of Norwegian household consumption in 2012, as well as its annual development since 1999. We offer a didactic account of the practical challenges associated with the combination of these types of data sets and the approach taken here to address these, and we discuss what barriers still remain before such analyses can be practically conducted and provide reliable results. We find a CF of 22.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per household in 2012, a 26\% increase since 1999. Transport, housing, and food were the expenditures contributing the most toward the total footprint. CF per unit of expenditure increased with overall expenditure levels (elasticity: 1.14), notably owing to the correlation between overall household expenditure and transport activities (elasticity: 1.48). Household energy use, which is generally inelastic, is, in Norway, largely based on hydropower and hence contributes comparatively little to the overall expenditure elasticity of household CF.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-08-28},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
author = {Steen‐Olsen, Kjartan and Wood, Richard and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
year = {2016},
keywords = {carbon footprint, consumer expenditure surveys, industrial ecology, input-output analysis (IOA), Norway, household consumption},
pages = {582--592},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IBTCG7BU/jiec.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{european_commission_european_2016,
title = {A {European} {Strategy} for {Low}-{Emission} {Mobility}},
author = {{European Commission}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{pehl_understanding_2017,
title = {Understanding future emissions from low-carbon power systems by integration of life-cycle assessment and integrated energy modelling},
volume = {2},
copyright = {2017 The Author(s)},
issn = {2058-7546},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-017-0032-9},
doi = {10.1038/s41560-017-0032-9},
abstract = {Both fossil-fuel and non-fossil-fuel power technologies induce life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions, mainly due to their embodied energy requirements for construction and operation, and upstream CH4 emissions. Here, we integrate prospective life-cycle assessment with global integrated energy–economy–land-use–climate modelling to explore life-cycle emissions of future low-carbon power supply systems and implications for technology choice. Future per-unit life-cycle emissions differ substantially across technologies. For a climate protection scenario, we project life-cycle emissions from fossil fuel carbon capture and sequestration plants of 78–110 gCO2eq kWh−1, compared with 3.5–12 gCO2eq kWh−1 for nuclear, wind and solar power for 2050. Life-cycle emissions from hydropower and bioenergy are substantial (∼100 gCO2eq kWh−1), but highly uncertain. We find that cumulative emissions attributable to upscaling low-carbon power other than hydropower are small compared with direct sectoral fossil fuel emissions and the total carbon budget. Fully considering life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions has only modest effects on the scale and structure of power production in cost-optimal mitigation scenarios.},
language = {en},
number = {12},
urldate = {2020-09-21},
journal = {Nature Energy},
author = {Pehl, Michaja and Arvesen, Anders and Humpenöder, Florian and Popp, Alexander and Hertwich, Edgar G. and Luderer, Gunnar},
month = dec,
year = {2017},
note = {Number: 12
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
keywords = {ingram\_paper},
pages = {939--945},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/6PQP53HM/Pehl et al. - 2017 - Understanding future emissions from low-carbon pow.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/D5Z4JKNW/s41560-017-0032-9.html:text/html}
}
@article{sovacool_dispossessed_2021,
title = {Dispossessed by decarbonisation: {Reducing} vulnerability, injustice, and inequality in the lived experience of low-carbon pathways},
volume = {137},
issn = {0305-750X},
shorttitle = {Dispossessed by decarbonisation},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20302436},
doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105116},
abstract = {This study examines the justice and equity implications of four low-carbon transitions, and it reveals the “lived experiences” of decarbonisation as manifested across Africa and Europe. Based on extensive, original mixed methods empirical research – including expert interviews, focus groups, internet forums, community interviews, and extended site visits and naturalistic observation – it asks: How are four specific decarbonisation pathways linked to negative impacts within specific communities? Relatedly, what vulnerabilities do these transitions exacerbate in these communities? Lastly, how can such vulnerabilities be better addressed with policy? The paper documents a troublesome cohabitation between French wineries and nuclear power, the negative effects on labor groups and workers in Eastern Germany by a transition to solar energy, the stark embodied externalities in electronic waste (e-waste) flows from smart meters accumulating in Ghana, and the precarious exploitation of children involved in cobalt mining for electric vehicle batteries in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The aims and objectives of the study are threefold: (1) to showcase how four very different vulnerable communities have been affected by the negative impacts of decarbonisation; (2) to reveal tensions and tradeoffs between European transitions and local and global justice concerns; and (3) to inform energy and climate policy. In identifying these objectives, our goal is not to stop or slow down all low-carbon transitions. Rather, the study suggests that the research and policy communities ought to account for, and seek to minimize, a broader range of social and environmental sustainability risks. Sustainability transitions and decarbonisation pathways must become more egalitarian, fair, and just.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-09-21},
journal = {World Development},
author = {Sovacool, Benjamin K. and Turnheim, Bruno and Hook, Andrew and Brock, Andrea and Martiskainen, Mari},
month = jan,
year = {2021},
keywords = {Energy justice, Energy transitions, ingram\_paper, Nuclear energy, Poverty, Renewable electricity},
pages = {105116},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RTCL3WXN/Sovacool et al. - 2021 - Dispossessed by decarbonisation Reducing vulnerab.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CIGG8RT3/S0305750X20302436.html:text/html}
}
@article{hickel_quantifying_2020,
title = {Quantifying national responsibility for climate breakdown: an equality-based attribution approach for carbon dioxide emissions in excess of the planetary boundary},
volume = {4},
issn = {2542-5196},
shorttitle = {Quantifying national responsibility for climate breakdown},
url = {https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(20)30196-0/abstract},
doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30196-0},
abstract = {{\textless}h2{\textgreater}Summary{\textless}/h2{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Background{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}This analysis proposes a novel method for quantifying national responsibility for damages related to climate change by looking at national contributions to cumulative CO$_{\textrm{2}}$ emissions in excess of the planetary boundary of 350 ppm atmospheric CO$_{\textrm{2}}$ concentration. This approach is rooted in the principle of equal per capita access to atmospheric commons.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Methods{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}For this analysis, national fair shares of a safe global carbon budget consistent with the planetary boundary of 350 ppm were derived. These fair shares were then subtracted from countries' actual historical emissions (territorial emissions from 1850 to 1969, and consumption-based emissions from 1970 to 2015) to determine the extent to which each country has overshot or undershot its fair share. Through this approach, each country's share of responsibility for global emissions in excess of the planetary boundary was calculated.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Findings{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}As of 2015, the USA was responsible for 40\% of excess global CO$_{\textrm{2}}$ emissions. The European Union (EU-28) was responsible for 29\%. The G8 nations (the USA, EU-28, Russia, Japan, and Canada) were together responsible for 85\%. Countries classified by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change as Annex I nations (ie, most industrialised countries) were responsible for 90\% of excess emissions. The Global North was responsible for 92\%. By contrast, most countries in the Global South were within their boundary fair shares, including India and China (although China will overshoot soon).{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Interpretation{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}These figures indicate that high-income countries have a greater degree of responsibility for climate damages than previous methods have implied. These results offer a just framework for attributing national responsibility for excess emissions, and a guide for determining national liability for damages related to climate change, consistent with the principles of planetary boundaries and equal access to atmospheric commons.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}h3{\textgreater}Funding{\textless}/h3{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}None.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
language = {English},
number = {9},
urldate = {2020-09-10},
journal = {The Lancet Planetary Health},
author = {Hickel, Jason},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
keywords = {carbon inequality, inequality, ingram\_paper, zk},
pages = {e399--e404},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/8WMRUEJN/Hickel - 2020 - Quantifying national responsibility for climate br.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VP2LCBNK/fulltext.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{eurostat_eu_2020,
title = {{EU} {Quality} {Report} of the {Household} {Budget} {Survey} 2015 {Wave}},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/54431/1966394/HBS_EU_QualityReport_2015.pdf/72d7e310-c415-7806-93cc-e3bc7a49b596},
author = {{Eurostat}},
year = {2020}
}
@techreport{eurostat_description_2016,
title = {Description of the data transmission for the {Household} {Budget} {Survey} ({HBS}) for the {Reference} {Year} 2015 {Version}: 3},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/54431/1966394/HBS2015_Transmission_DOC_V3.2018_05_22.pdf},
author = {{Eurostat}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{kartha_carbon_2020,
title = {The {Carbon} {Inequality} {Era}},
url = {https://www.sei.org/publications/the-carbon-inequality-era/},
abstract = {An assessment of the global distribution of consumption emissions among individuals from 1990 to 2015 and beyond.},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2020-09-28},
author = {Kartha, Sivan and Kemp-Benedict, Eric and Ghosh, Emily and Nazareth, Anisha},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/DVZDLGVY/Kartha et al. - 2020 - The Carbon Inequality Era.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CXFNYAE7/the-carbon-inequality-era.html:text/html}
}
@article{golley_income_2012,
title = {Income inequality and carbon dioxide emissions: {The} case of {Chinese} urban households},
volume = {34},
issn = {0140-9883},
shorttitle = {Income inequality and carbon dioxide emissions},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988312001697},
doi = {10.1016/j.eneco.2012.07.025},
abstract = {This paper draws on Chinese survey data to investigate variations in carbon dioxide emissions across households with different income levels. Rich households generate more emissions per capita than poor households via both their direct energy consumption and their higher expenditure on goods and services that use energy as an intermediate input. An econometric analysis confirms a positive relationship between emissions and income and establishes a slightly increasing marginal propensity to emit (MPE) over the relevant income range. The redistribution of income from rich to poor households is therefore shown to reduce aggregate household emissions, suggesting that the twin pursuits of reducing inequality and emissions can be achieved in tandem.},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2020-09-30},
journal = {Energy Economics},
author = {Golley, Jane and Meng, Xin},
month = nov,
year = {2012},
keywords = {Carbon dioxide emissions, Household consumption, Income inequality, ingram\_paper, Urban China},
pages = {1864--1872},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/8GLJDD8E/S0140988312001697.html:text/html}
}
@article{druckman_bare_2010,
title = {The bare necessities: {How} much household carbon do we really need?},
volume = {69},
issn = {0921-8009},
shorttitle = {The bare necessities},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800910001618},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.04.018},
abstract = {The consumption patterns of Western nations are generally deemed to be unsustainable. Yet there is little attempt to restrain either material throughput or income growth. Nonetheless, in the face of the need to make ‘deep’ cuts in carbon emissions (for instance), consumption restraint may be a perfectly legitimate response. This paper explores the potential for a Reduced Consumption Scenario in the UK constructed by assuming that households achieve a specific ‘minimum income standard’ which is deemed to provide a decent life for each household type. The minimum income standards are taken from a recent study for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation and include not only subsistence commodities such as food, warmth and shelter but also the means to participate effectively in society. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation study produced detailed household expenditure budgets for these income standards. The paper uses an environmentally extended Quasi-Multi-Regional Input–Output model to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions required in the production and distribution of all goods and services purchased according to these budgets. Our results show that average household GHG emissions in the UK would be around 37\% lower in the Reduced Consumption Scenario than they are currently. We explore several implications of these findings including: the need to change social norms around consumption, the need for investment to improve the thermal performance of homes and the need to develop new transport infrastructures. We also address the potential to reduce emissions below the level achieved in this Scenario and discuss the implications for policy.},
language = {en},
number = {9},
urldate = {2020-09-30},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Druckman, Angela and Jackson, Tim},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
keywords = {Carbon footprint, Environmental Input–Output, ingram\_paper, Lifestyles, Scenario, Well-being},
pages = {1794--1804},
file = {Accepted Version:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4GK7HYFE/Druckman and Jackson - 2010 - The bare necessities How much household carbon do.pdf:application/pdf;druckman2010.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/A2NKXW38/druckman2010.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VNMICGJN/S0921800910001618.html:text/html}
}
@article{bianco_understanding_2019,
title = {Understanding energy consumption and carbon emissions in {Europe}: {A} focus on inequality issues},
volume = {170},
issn = {0360-5442},
shorttitle = {Understanding energy consumption and carbon emissions in {Europe}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544218324927},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.120},
abstract = {The present research proposes an analysis on the inequality of the consumption of electricity, different typologies of primary energy, namely natural gas, coal and oil, and carbon emissions in the period 2008–2016 within European Union. A decomposition in within and between country groups on the basis of their GDP per capita is also developed, in order to identify the main contributions to the inequality. Furthermore, carbon emissions are also decomposed according to the Kaya identity with the aim to assess which are the main sources of inequality. The analysis shows that the principal source of inequality is represented by the differences in GDP, especially for the energy consumption; whereas carbon emissions evidence a stable level of inequality during the period of analysis.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-09-28},
journal = {Energy},
author = {Bianco, Vincenzo and Cascetta, Furio and Marino, Alfonso and Nardini, Sergio},
month = mar,
year = {2019},
keywords = {Energy consumption, Kaya identity, Carbon emissions, Inequality, ingram\_paper, Theil index},
pages = {120--130},
file = {Bianco et al. - 2019 - Understanding energy consumption and carbon emissi.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7S288FHH/Bianco et al. - 2019 - Understanding energy consumption and carbon emissi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IC3NYGVP/S0360544218324927.html:text/html}
}
@article{moran_convergence_2014,
title = {Convergence {Between} the {Eora}, {Wiod}, {Exiobase}, and {Openeu}'s {Consumption}-{Based} {Carbon} {Accounts}},
volume = {26},
issn = {0953-5314},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2014.935298},
doi = {10.1080/09535314.2014.935298},
abstract = {In this paper, we take an overview of several of the biggest independently constructed global multi-regional input–output (MRIO) databases and ask how reliable and consonant these databases are. The key question is whether MRIO accounts are robust enough for setting environmental policies. This paper compares the results of four global MRIOs: Eora, WIOD, EXIOBASE, and the GTAP-based OpenEU databases, and investigates how much each diverges from the multi-model mean. We also use Monte Carlo analysis to conduct sensitivity analysis of the robustness of each accounts’ results and we test to see how much variation in the environmental satellite account, rather than the economic structure itself, causes divergence in results. After harmonising the satellite account, we found that carbon footprint results for most major economies disagree by{\textless}10\% between MRIOs. Confidence estimates are necessary if MRIO methods and consumption-based accounting are to be used in environmental policy-making at the national level.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-09-30},
journal = {Economic Systems Research},
author = {Moran, Daniel and Wood, Richard},
month = jul,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Footprint, MRIO, Uncertainty, CBA, Confidence, Monte Carlo, Reliability},
pages = {245--261},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CQZA739G/09535314.2014.html:text/html}
}
@article{madeddu_co2_2020,
title = {The {CO}2 reduction potential for the {European} industry via direct electrification of heat supply (power-to-heat)},
issn = {1748-9326},
url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abbd02},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/abbd02},
abstract = {The decarbonisation of industry is a bottleneck for EU’s 2050 target of climate neutrality. Replacing fossil fuels with low-carbon electricity is at the core of this challenge; however, the aggregate electrification potential and resulting system-wide CO2 reductions for diverse industrial processes are unknown. Here, we present the results from a comprehensive bottom-up analysis of the energy use in eleven industrial sectors (accounting for 92\% of Europe’s industry CO2 emissions), and estimate the technological potential for industry electrification in three stages. 78\% of the energy demand is electrifiable with technologies that are already established, while 99\% electrification can be achieved with the addition of technologies currently under development. Such a deep electrification reduces CO2 emissions already based on the carbon intensity of today’s electricity ( 300 gCO2/kWhel). With an increasing decarbonisation of the power sector (IEA: 12 gCO2/kWhel in 2050), electrification could cut CO2 emissions by 78\%, and almost entirely abate the energy-related CO2 emissions, reducing the industry bottleneck to only residual process emissions. Despite its decarbonisation potential, the extent to which direct electrification will be deployed in industry remains uncertain and depends on the relative cost of electric technologies compared to other low-carbon options.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-10-06},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
author = {Madeddu, Silvia and Ueckerdt, Falko and Pehl, Michaja and Peterseim, Juergen and Lord, Michael and Kumar, Karthik Ajith and Krüger, Christoph and Luderer, Gunnar},
year = {2020},
keywords = {elec, ingram\_paper},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/ZN2P97L7/Madeddu et al. - 2020 - The CO2 reduction potential for the European indus.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{millward-hopkins_providing_2020,
title = {Providing decent living with minimum energy: {A} global scenario},
volume = {65},
issn = {0959-3780},
shorttitle = {Providing decent living with minimum energy},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378020307512},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168},
abstract = {It is increasingly clear that averting ecological breakdown will require drastic changes to contemporary human society and the global economy embedded within it. On the other hand, the basic material needs of billions of people across the planet remain unmet. Here, we develop a simple, bottom-up model to estimate a practical minimal threshold for the final energy consumption required to provide decent material livings to the entire global population. We find that global final energy consumption in 2050 could be reduced to the levels of the 1960s, despite a population three times larger. However, such a world requires a massive rollout of advanced technologies across all sectors, as well as radical demand-side changes to reduce consumption – regardless of income – to levels of sufficiency. Sufficiency is, however, far more materially generous in our model than what those opposed to strong reductions in consumption often assume.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-10-09},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
author = {Millward-Hopkins, Joel and Steinberger, Julia K. and Rao, Narasimha D. and Oswald, Yannick},
month = nov,
year = {2020},
keywords = {Sufficiency, Energy, Climate change, Inequality, Basic needs, ingram\_paper, Demand},
pages = {102168},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/APCAISLN/Millward-Hopkins et al. - 2020 - Providing decent living with minimum energy A glo.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AMX52A6R/S0959378020307512.html:text/html}
}
@article{de_blas_limits_2020,
title = {The limits of transport decarbonization under the current growth paradigm},
volume = {32},
issn = {2211-467X},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X20300961},
doi = {10.1016/j.esr.2020.100543},
abstract = {Achieving ambitious reductions in greenhouse gases (GHG) is particularly challenging for transportation due to the technical limitations of replacing oil-based fuels. We apply the integrated assessment model MEDEAS-World to study four global transportation decarbonization strategies for 2050. The results show that a massive replacement of oil-fueled individual vehicles to electric ones alone cannot deliver GHG reductions consistent with climate stabilization and could result in the scarcity of some key minerals, such as lithium and magnesium. In addition, energy-economy feedbacks within an economic growth system create a rebound effect that counters the benefits of substitution. The only strategy that can achieve the objectives globally follows the Degrowth paradigm, combining a quick and radical shift to lighter electric vehicles and non-motorized modes with a drastic reduction in total transportation demand.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-10-11},
journal = {Energy Strategy Reviews},
author = {de Blas, Ignacio and Mediavilla, Margarita and Capellán-Pérez, Iñigo and Duce, Carmen},
month = nov,
year = {2020},
keywords = {Decarbonization, Degrowth, Electric vehicles, Energy transition, ingram\_paper, Lithium},
pages = {100543},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CD9VVYTE/de Blas et al. - 2020 - The limits of transport decarbonization under the .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/YM7C9VT7/S2211467X20300961.html:text/html}
}
@article{jakob_future_2020,
title = {The future of coal in a carbon-constrained climate},
volume = {10},
copyright = {2020 Springer Nature Limited},
issn = {1758-6798},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0866-1},
doi = {10.1038/s41558-020-0866-1},
abstract = {Phasing out coal requires expanding the notion of a ‘just transition’ and a roadmap that specifies the sequence of coal plant retirement, the appropriate policy instruments as well as ways to include key stakeholders in the process.},
language = {en},
number = {8},
urldate = {2020-10-11},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
author = {Jakob, Michael and Steckel, Jan Christoph and Jotzo, Frank and Sovacool, Benjamin K. and Cornelsen, Laura and Chandra, Rohit and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Holden, Chris and Löschel, Andreas and Nace, Ted and Robins, Nick and Suedekum, Jens and Urpelainen, Johannes},
month = aug,
year = {2020},
note = {Number: 8
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
keywords = {ingram\_paper},
pages = {704--707},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/PC8483JN/Jakob et al. - 2020 - The future of coal in a carbon-constrained climate.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/GQSHUDZM/s41558-020-0866-1.html:text/html}
}
@article{klenert_environmental_2018,
title = {Environmental {Taxation}, {Inequality} and {Engel}’s {Law}: {The} {Double} {Dividend} of {Redistribution}},
volume = {71},
issn = {0924-6460, 1573-1502},
shorttitle = {Environmental {Taxation}, {Inequality} and {Engel}’s {Law}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10640-016-0070-y},
doi = {10.1007/s10640-016-0070-y},
abstract = {Empirical evidence shows that low-income households spend a high share of their income on pollution-intensive goods. This fuels the concern that an environmental tax reform could be regressive. We employ a framework which accounts for the distributional effect of environmental taxes and the recycling of the revenues on both households and firms to quantify changes in the optimal tax structure and the equity impacts of an environmental tax reform. We characterize when an optimal environmental tax reform does not increase inequality, even if the tax system before the reform is optimal from a non-environmental point of view. If the tax system before the reform is calibrated to stylized data – and is thus non-optimal – we find that there is a large scope for inequality reduction, even if the government is restricted in its recycling options.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-10-11},
journal = {Environmental and Resource Economics},
author = {Klenert, David and Schwerhoff, Gregor and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Mattauch, Linus},
month = nov,
year = {2018},
keywords = {ingram\_paper},
pages = {605--624},
file = {Klenert et al. - 2018 - Environmental Taxation, Inequality and Engel’s Law.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/B7QSIDUH/Klenert et al. - 2018 - Environmental Taxation, Inequality and Engel’s Law.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{rao_improving_2017,
title = {Improving poverty and inequality modelling in climate research},
volume = {7},
copyright = {2017 The Author(s)},
issn = {1758-6798},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0004-x},
doi = {10.1038/s41558-017-0004-x},
abstract = {As climate change progresses, the risk of adverse impacts on vulnerable populations is growing. As governments seek increased and drastic action, policymakers are likely to seek quantification of climate-change impacts and the consequences of mitigation policies on these populations. Current models used in climate research have a limited ability to represent the poor and vulnerable, or the different dimensions along which they face these risks. Best practices need to be adopted more widely, and new model features that incorporate social heterogeneity and different policy mechanisms need to be developed. Increased collaboration between modellers, economists, and other social scientists could aid these developments.},
language = {en},
number = {12},
urldate = {2020-10-11},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
author = {Rao, Narasimha D. and van Ruijven, Bas J. and Riahi, Keywan and Bosetti, Valentina},
month = dec,
year = {2017},
note = {Number: 12
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
keywords = {ingram\_paper},
pages = {857--862},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/2SZLKQB7/Rao et al. - 2017 - Improving poverty and inequality modelling in clim.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/JH9EVJD7/s41558-017-0004-x.html:text/html}
}
@article{cucchiella_assessment_2020,
title = {{ASSESSMENT} {OF} {GHG} {EMISSIONS} {IN} {EUROPE}: {FUTURE} {ESTIMATES} {AND} {POLICY} {IMPLICATIONS}.},
volume = {19},
shorttitle = {{ASSESSMENT} {OF} {GHG} {EMISSIONS} {IN} {EUROPE}},
number = {1},
journal = {Environmental Engineering \& Management Journal (EEMJ)},
author = {Cucchiella, Federica and D’Adamo, Idiano and Gastaldi, Massimo and Koh, S. C. and Santibanez-Gonzalez, Ernesto DR},
year = {2020},
keywords = {ingram\_paper},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/WUKJM326/abstract.html:text/html}
}
@article{steinberger_your_2020,
title = {Your money or your life? {The} carbon-development paradox},
volume = {15},
issn = {1748-9326},
shorttitle = {Your money or your life?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fab7461},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab7461},
abstract = {The relationship between human health and well-being, energy use and carbon emissions is a foremost concern in sustainable development. If past advances in well-being have been accomplished only through increases in energy use, there may be significant trade-offs between achieving universal human development and mitigating climate change. We test the explanatory power of economic, dietary and modern energy factors in accounting for past improvements in life expectancy, using a simple novel method, functional dynamic decomposition. We elucidate the paradox that a strong correlation between emissions and human development at one point in time does not imply that their dynamics are coupled in the long term. Increases in primary energy and carbon emissions can account for only a quarter of improvements in life expectancy, but are closely tied to growth in income. Facing this carbon-development paradox requires prioritizing human well-being over economic growth.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2020-10-11},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
author = {Steinberger, Julia K. and Lamb, William F. and Sakai, Marco},
month = mar,
year = {2020},
note = {Publisher: IOP Publishing},
keywords = {ingram\_paper},
pages = {044016},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/XH5FYQWG/Steinberger et al. - 2020 - Your money or your life The carbon-development pa.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{mundaca_demand-side_2019,
title = {Demand-side approaches for limiting global warming to 1.5 °{C}},
volume = {12},
issn = {1570-6478},
url = {https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/demandside-approaches-for-limiting-global-warming-to-15-c(4289806d-6b8a-461b-bdb9-bf6bd61d99a2)/export.html},
doi = {10.1007/s12053-018-9722-9},
language = {English},
number = {2},
urldate = {2020-10-13},
journal = {Energy Efficiency},
author = {Mundaca, Luis and Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana and Wilson, Charlie},
month = feb,
year = {2019},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AFZD5FNN/Mundaca et al. - 2019 - Demand-side approaches for limiting global warming.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/HRSN7CKK/export.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{akenji_1.5-degree_2019,
title = {1.5-{Degree} {Lifestyles}: {Targets} and options for reducing lifestyle carbon footprints},
shorttitle = {1.5-{Degree} {Lifestyles}},
url = {https://www.iges.or.jp/en/pub/15-degrees-lifestyles-2019/en},
abstract = {This report demonstrates that changes in consumption patterns and dominant lifestyles are a critical and integral part of the solutions package to addressing climate change. The report fills a gap in the existing research by establishing global ta...},
language = {English},
urldate = {2020-10-13},
institution = {Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Aalto University, and D-mat ltd.},
author = {Akenji, Lewis and Lettenmeier, Michael and Koide, Ryu and Toivio, Viivi and Amellina, Aryanie},
year = {2019},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/TGWLJC9H/Akenji et al. - 2019 - 1.5-Degree Lifestyles Targets and options for red.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4HCU79RD/en.html:text/html}
}