references.bib

@article{druckman_carbon_2009,
	title = {The carbon footprint of {UK} households 1990–2004: {A} socio-economically disaggregated, quasi-multi-regional input–output model},
	volume = {68},
	issn = {0921-8009},
	shorttitle = {Methodological {Advancements} in the {Footprint} {Analysis}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800909000366},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.01.013},
	abstract = {This paper presents a socio-economically disaggregated framework for attributing CO2 emissions to people's high level functional needs. Based around a quasi-multi-regional input–output (QMRIO) model, the study, in theory, takes into account all CO2 emissions that arise from energy used in production of goods and services to satisfy UK household demand, whether the emissions occur in the UK or abroad. Results show that CO2 emissions attributable to households were 15\% above 1990 levels in 2004, and that although absolute decoupling occurred between household expenditure and CO2 during the UK's switch from coal to gas in the early 1990s, since then only slight relative decoupling is evident. The proportion of CO2 that arises outside UK borders in support of UK consumption is rising, and reducing these emissions is particularly problematic in a global trading system. Investigation into the carbon footprint of different segments of the UK population shows wide variation: the segment with the highest carbon footprint emits 64\% more CO2 than the segment with the lowest. Results show that recreation and leisure are responsible for over one quarter of CO2 emissions in a typical UK household in 2004. We conclude that expanding lifestyle aspirations are significant factors in driving household CO2 emissions, but the study also emphasizes that attention must be paid to the infrastructures and institutions that result in considerable amounts of CO2 being locked up in basic household activities through which people meet their everyday needs for subsistence, protection, and communication with family and friends. The findings highlight the sheer scale of the challenge facing UK policy-makers, and suggest that policies should be targeted towards segments of society responsible for the highest carbon footprints.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2013-08-06},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Druckman, Angela and Jackson, Tim},
	month = may,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {carbon footprint, Case studies, CH12, zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {2066--2077},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/5K555CEX/Druckman and Jackson - 2009 - The carbon footprint of UK households 1990–2004 A.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/ZBGTZC8M/S0921800909000366.html:text/html;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/5N7S4MM8/S0921800909000366.html:text/html}
}

@article{chakravarty_sharing_2009,
	title = {Sharing global {CO}2 emission reductions among one billion high emitters},
	volume = {106},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/106/29/11884.short},
	number = {29},
	urldate = {2013-09-21},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Chakravarty, Shoibal and Chikkatur, Ananth and de Coninck, Heleen and Pacala, Stephen and Socolow, Robert and Tavoni, Massimo},
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {11884--11888},
	file = {11884.full.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RQ4DQWTT/11884.full.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wier_effects_2001,
	title = {Effects of {Household} {Consumption} {Patterns} on {CO}2 {Requirements}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {0953-5314},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537320120070149},
	doi = {10.1080/09537320120070149},
	abstract = {In order to evaluate the relation between the consumption pattern of various household types and their CO2 requirements, we combine input-output tables energy flow matrices, CO2 emissions factors, and national consumer survey statistics into an integrated modelling framework, and relate differences in household types to differences in private consumption and again to differences in CO2 emissions. We identify household characteristics with a significant influence on CO2 emissions. Comparing our results with those of other studies reveals that national differences in climate and population density cause differences in the contribution to CO2 emissions. Finally, national differences in income and expenditure elasticities of both energy and CO2 are due to differences in the disparity in CO2 intensities amongst commodities and to the model's assumptions on foreign technology.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Economic Systems Research},
	author = {Wier, Mette and Lenzen, Manfred and Munksgaard, Jesper and Smed, Sinne},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {ukpaper, income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {259--274},
	file = {T&F Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/6XTQ5D2M/09537320120070149.html:text/html}
}

@article{weber_quantifying_2008,
	title = {Quantifying the global and distributional aspects of {American} household carbon footprint},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {0921-8009},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800907004934},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.09.021},
	abstract = {Analysis of household consumption and its environmental impact remains one of the most important topics in sustainability research. Nevertheless, much past and recent work has focused on domestic national averages, neglecting both the growing importance of international trade on household carbon footprint and the variation between households of different income levels and demographics. Using consumer expenditure surveys and multi-country life cycle assessment techniques, this paper analyzes the global and distributional aspects of American household carbon footprint. We find that due to recently increased international trade, 30\% of total US household CO2 impact in 2004 occurred outside the US. Further, households vary considerably in their CO2 responsibilities: at least a factor of ten difference exists between low and high-impact households, with total household income and expenditure being the best predictors of both domestic and international portions of the total CO2 impact. The global location of emissions, which cannot be calculated using standard input–output analysis, and the variation of household impacts with income, have important ramifications for polices designed to lower consumer impacts on climate change, such as carbon taxes. The effectiveness and fairness of such policies hinges on a proper understanding of how income distributions, rebound effects, and international trade affect them.},
	number = {2–3},
	urldate = {2013-09-16},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Weber, Christopher L. and Matthews, H. Scott},
	month = jun,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {carbon footprint, Household consumption, CH12, income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {379--391},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QXX87ICB/Weber and Matthews - 2008 - Quantifying the global and distributional aspects .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/HQPQKHZI/S0921800907004934.html:text/html}
}

@article{ivanova_mapping_2017,
	title = {Mapping the carbon footprint of {EU} regions},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/12/i=5/a=054013},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa6da9},
	abstract = {While the EU Commission has encouraged Member States to combine national and international climate change mitigation measures with subnational environmental policies, there has been little harmonized effort towards the quantification of embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from household consumption across European regions. This study develops an inventory of carbon footprints associated with household consumption for 177 regions in 27 EU countries, thus, making a key contribution for the incorporation of consumption-based accounting into local decision-making. Footprint calculations are based on consumer expenditure surveys and environmental and trade detail from the EXIOBASE 2.3 multiregional input-output database describing the world economy in 2007 at the detail of 43 countries, 5 rest-of-the-world regions and 200 product sectors. Our analysis highlights the spatial heterogeneity of embodied GHG emissions within multiregional countries with subnational ranges varying widely between 0.6 and 6.5 tCO 2 e/cap. The significant differences in regional contribution in terms of total and per capita emissions suggest notable differences with regards to climate change responsibility. The study further provides a breakdown of regional emissions by consumption categories (e.g. housing, mobility, food). In addition, our region-level study evaluates driving forces of carbon footprints through a set of socio-economic, geographic and technical factors. Income is singled out as the most important driver for a region’s carbon footprint, although its explanatory power varies significantly across consumption domains. Additional factors that stand out as important on the regional level include household size, urban-rural typology, level of education, expenditure patterns, temperature, resource availability and carbon intensity of the electricity mix. The lack of cross-national region-level studies has so far prevented analysts from drawing broader policy conclusions that hold beyond national and regional borders.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2018-06-06},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	author = {Ivanova, Diana and Vita, Gibran and Steen-Olsen, Kjartan and Stadler, Konstantin and Melo, Patricia C. and Wood, Richard and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {carbon footprint, footprint analysis, Carbon accounting, Consumption-based carbon footprint, income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {054013},
	file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VPGXNIAF/Ivanova et al. - 2017 - Mapping the carbon footprint of EU regions.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{miller_input-output_1985,
	address = {Englewood Cliffs, N.J},
	title = {Input-output analysis: foundations and extensions},
	isbn = {978-0-13-466715-7},
	shorttitle = {Input-output analysis},
	publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
	author = {Miller, Ronald E. and Blair, Peter D.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {Input-output analysis, health pnas}
}

@article{moran_convergence_2014,
	title = {Convergence {Between} the {Eora}, {Wiod}, {Exiobase}, and {Openeu}'s {Consumption}-{Based} {Carbon} {Accounts}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0953-5314},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2014.935298},
	doi = {10.1080/09535314.2014.935298},
	abstract = {In this paper, we take an overview of several of the biggest independently constructed global multi-regional input–output (MRIO) databases and ask how reliable and consonant these databases are. The key question is whether MRIO accounts are robust enough for setting environmental policies. This paper compares the results of four global MRIOs: Eora, WIOD, EXIOBASE, and the GTAP-based OpenEU databases, and investigates how much each diverges from the multi-model mean. We also use Monte Carlo analysis to conduct sensitivity analysis of the robustness of each accounts’ results and we test to see how much variation in the environmental satellite account, rather than the economic structure itself, causes divergence in results. After harmonising the satellite account, we found that carbon footprint results for most major economies disagree by{\textless}10\% between MRIOs. Confidence estimates are necessary if MRIO methods and consumption-based accounting are to be used in environmental policy-making at the national level.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2018-08-15},
	journal = {Economic Systems Research},
	author = {Moran, Daniel and Wood, Richard},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Footprint, MRIO, Uncertainty, MRIO Uncertainty, CBA, Confidence, Monte Carlo, Reliability, health pnas},
	pages = {245--261},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CQSUGC2P/09535314.2014.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QIBL8PME/09535314.2014.html:text/html}
}

@article{grubler_low_2018,
	title = {A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °{C} target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {cc\_by\_nc\_4},
	issn = {2058-7546},
	url = {https://rdcu.be/SOJx},
	doi = {Grubler A <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/112.html>, Wilson C <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/333.html>, Bento N <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/2833.html>, Boza-Kiss B <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/2913.html>, Krey V <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/166.html>, McCollum D <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/203.html>, Rao N <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/243.html>, Riahi K <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/250.html>, et al.  (2018).  A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies.   Nature Energy 3: 517-525. DOI:10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6 <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6>.},
	abstract = {Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5 °C describe major transformations in energy supply and ever-rising energy demand. Here, we provide a contrasting perspective by developing a narrative of future change based on observable trends that results in low energy demand. We describe and quantify changes in activity levels and energy intensity in the global North and global South for all major energy services. We project that global final energy demand by 2050 reduces to 245 EJ, around 40\% lower than today, despite rises in population, income and activity. Using an integrated assessment modelling framework, we show how changes in the quantity and type of energy services drive structural change in intermediate and upstream supply sectors (energy and land use). Down-sizing the global energy system dramatically improves the feasibility of a low-carbon supply-side transformation. Our scenario meets the 1.5 °C climate target as well as many sustainable development goals, without relying on negative emission technologies.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-09-03},
	journal = {Nature Energy},
	author = {Grubler, A. and Wilson, C. and Bento, N. and Boza-Kiss, B. and Krey, V. and McCollum, D. and Rao, N. and Riahi, K. and Rogelj, J. and De Stercke, S. and Cullen, J. and Frank, S. and Fricko, O. and Guo, F. and Gidden, M. and Havlik, P. and Huppmann, D. and Kiesewetter, G. and Rafaj, P. and Schöpp, W. and Valin, H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {health pnas},
	pages = {517--525},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/MBMN93KC/15301.html:text/html}
}

@article{hickel_is_2018,
	title = {Is it possible to achieve a good life for all within planetary boundaries?},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {0143-6597},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1535895},
	doi = {10.1080/01436597.2018.1535895},
	abstract = {The safe and just space framework devised by Raworth calls for the world’s nations to achieve key minimum thresholds in social welfare while remaining within planetary boundaries. Using data on social and biophysical indicators provided by O’Neill et al., this paper argues that it is theoretically possible to achieve a good life for all within planetary boundaries in poor nations by building on existing exemplary models and by adopting fairer distributive policies. However, the additional biophysical pressure that this entails at a global level requires that rich nations dramatically reduce their biophysical footprints by 40–50\%. Extant empirical studies suggest that this degree of reduction is unlikely to be achieved solely through efforts to decouple GDP growth from environmental impact, even under highly optimistic conditions. Therefore, for rich nations to fit within the boundaries of the safe and just space will require that they abandon growth as a policy objective and shift to post-capitalist economic models.},
	number = {0},
	urldate = {2018-12-10},
	journal = {Third World Quarterly},
	author = {Hickel, Jason},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {planetary boundaries, Sustainable development, ecology, de-growth},
	pages = {1--17},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/2CJCAFWB/01436597.2018.html:text/html}
}

@article{woodward_incrementum_2015,
	title = {Incrementum ad {Absurdum}: {Global} {Growth}, {Inequality} and {Poverty} {Eradication} in a {Carbon}-{Constrained} {World}},
	volume = {2015},
	issn = {2049-3517},
	shorttitle = {{\textless}em{\textgreater}{Incrementum} ad {Absurdum}{\textless}/em{\textgreater}},
	url = {http://wer.worldeconomicsassociation.org/papers/incrementum-ad-absurdum-global-growth-inequality-and-poverty-eradication-in-a-carbon-constrained-world/},
	abstract = {World Social and Economic Review},
	language = {en},
	number = {No 4, 2015},
	urldate = {2019-03-05},
	journal = {World Social and Economic Review},
	author = {Woodward, David},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {zk, ingram\_paper},
	pages = {43},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VCQCGL8E/Woodward - 2015 - emIncrementum ad Absurdumem Global Growth, I.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AWBKUZVL/incrementum-ad-absurdum-global-growth-inequality-and-poverty-eradication-in-a-carbon-constraine.html:text/html}
}

@article{creutzig_towards_2018,
	title = {Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating climate change},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0121-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s41558-018-0121-1},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	author = {Creutzig, Felix and Roy, Joyashree and Lamb, William F. and Azevedo, Inês M. L. and Bruine de Bruin, Wändi and Dalkmann, Holger and Edelenbosch, Oreane Y. and Geels, Frank W. and Grubler, Arnulf and Hepburn, Cameron and Hertwich, Edgar G. and Khosla, Radhika and Mattauch, Linus and Minx, Jan C. and Ramakrishnan, Anjali and Rao, Narasimha D. and Steinberger, Julia K. and Tavoni, Massimo and Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana and Weber, Elke U.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {260--263},
	file = {Creutzig et al. - 2018 - Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating clima.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7EJCPA2A/Creutzig et al. - 2018 - Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating clima.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{royston_invisible_2018,
	title = {Invisible energy policies: {A} new agenda for energy demand reduction},
	volume = {123},
	issn = {03014215},
	shorttitle = {Invisible energy policies},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421518305810},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.052},
	abstract = {This article makes the case for a new and ambitious research and governance agenda for energy demand reduction. It argues that existing ‘demand-side’ approaches focused on promoting technological efficiency and informed individual consumption are unlikely to be adequate to achieving future carbon emissions reduction goals; it points out that very little attention has so far been paid to the impacts of non-energy policies on energy demand; and it submits that a much fuller integration of energy demand questions into policy is required. It advances a general framework, supported by illustrative examples, for understanding the impacts of ‘non-energy’ policies on energy demand. It reflects on why these connections have been so little explored and addressed within energy research and policy. And it argues that, for all their current ‘invisibility’, there is nonetheless scope for increasing the visibility of, and in effect ‘mainstreaming’, energy demand reduction objectives within other policy areas. Researchers and policymakers, we contend, need to develop better understandings of how energy demand might be made governable, and how non-energy policies might be revised, alone and in combination, to help steer long-term changes in energy demand.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-01-31},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Royston, Sarah and Selby, Jan and Shove, Elizabeth},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {127--135},
	file = {Royston et al. - 2018 - Invisible energy policies A new agenda for energy.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4V5T5WPH/Royston et al. - 2018 - Invisible energy policies A new agenda for energy.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{brand-correa_framework_2017,
	title = {A {Framework} for {Decoupling} {Human} {Need} {Satisfaction} {From} {Energy} {Use}},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {09218009},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921800916308448},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.05.019},
	abstract = {Climate change poses great challenges to modern societies, central amongst which is to decouple human need satisfaction from energy use. Energy systems are the main source of greenhouse gas emissions, and the services provided by energy (such as heating, power, transport and lighting) are vital to support human development. To address this challenge, we advocate for a eudaimonic need-centred understanding of human well-being, as opposed to hedonic subjective views of well-being. We also argue for a shift in the way we analyse energy demand, from energy throughput to energy services. By adopting these perspectives on either end of the wellbeing-energy spectrum, a “double decoupling” potential can be uncovered. We present a novel analytic framework and showcase several methodological approaches for analysing the relationship between, and decoupling of, energy services and human needs. We conclude by proposing future directions of research in this area based on the analytic framework.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2018-10-02},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Brand-Correa, Lina I. and Steinberger, Julia K.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {energy services, human needs, wellbeing},
	pages = {43--52},
	file = {Brand-Correa and Steinberger - 2017 - A Framework for Decoupling Human Need Satisfaction.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/P2VW2V2W/Brand-Correa and Steinberger - 2017 - A Framework for Decoupling Human Need Satisfaction.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kalt_conceptualizing_2019,
	title = {Conceptualizing energy services: {A} review of energy and well-being along the {Energy} {Service} {Cascade}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {22146296},
	shorttitle = {Conceptualizing energy services},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214629618311757},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.026},
	abstract = {The concept of energy services is used in different contexts and scientific fields mainly to emphasize that it is the services provided by energy rather than energy carriers that people demand and that generate well-being. While the value of the concept is widely acknowledged, there are remarkable differences in how energy services are conceptualized.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-03-08},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Kalt, Gerald and Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Görg, Christoph and Haberl, Helmut},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Sustainability Transformation, End-use, Energy services, Well-being},
	pages = {47--58},
	file = {Kalt et al. - 2019 - Conceptualizing energy services A review of energ.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RQEPEFVB/Kalt et al. - 2019 - Conceptualizing energy services A review of energ.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{beuret_emissions_2019,
	title = {Emissions inequality: there is a gulf between global rich and poor},
	shorttitle = {Emissions inequality},
	url = {http://theconversation.com/emissions-inequality-there-is-a-gulf-between-global-rich-and-poor-113804},
	abstract = {The planet's wealthiest people are directly responsible for most of the world's carbon emissions.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-07-16},
	journal = {The Conversation},
	author = {Beuret, Nicholas},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
	annote = {But that’s not all. While it’s relatively simple to account for the vast initial disparity – being rich after all is about having more money, more stuff, bigger super-yachts and houses – this fails to account for the entirety of the disparity. Being wealthy gives you more political influence. It means funding political parties and campaigns, having access to law makers and lobbyists. And it means control over major corporations, and thus power over the businesses and industries which produce most of the carbon emissions.},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/9KKNKF6H/emissions-inequality-there-is-a-gulf-between-global-rich-and-poor-113804.html:text/html}
}

@article{piketty_carbon_2015,
	title = {Carbon and inequality: from {Kyoto} to {Paris}},
	shorttitle = {Carbon and inequality},
	journal = {Paris Sch Econ (www. parisschoolofeconomics. eu/en/news/carbon-and-inequality-from-kyoto-to-parischancel-piketty/)},
	author = {Piketty, Thomas and Chancel, Lucas},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints, blog\_ineq},
	file = {Full Text:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RZLX7FPR/Piketty and Chancel - 2015 - Carbon and inequality from Kyoto to Paris.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{thomassen_inequality_2018,
	title = {Inequality and {Diet}: {How} {Are} {Environmental} {Impacts} from {Food} {Consumption} {Distributed} {Across} {Different} {Socioeconomic} {Groups} {Globally}?},
	shorttitle = {Inequality and {Diet}},
	url = {https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2562779},
	abstract = {In the age of globalization, rapid population growth, increased flow of products across borders and a rising demand for food, have been rising concern amongst international organizations. On the other hand, globalization has also largely contributed to increasing the level of world development, thus lifted millions out of poverty. However, recent reports reveal that this has failed to include everyone   even though average development is rising, inequality is becoming an escalating problem. With expectations of a population of 9.15 billion by 2050, the agricultural sector will be required to expand its production significantly in the coming decades to ensure food security for everyone. Moreover, through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN published in 2016, the aspirations to mitigate climate change, reduce inequality and eradicate hunger were expressed, which further rose awareness around these issues. However, an arising challenge with the SDGs is how the policies towards them may negatively affect each other. Eradicating hunger might mean that increased food production is necessary, which again might influence the climate negatively   a factor that has been shown to increase inequality. Further, some studies have pointed towards a correlation between rising development levels and environmental footprints, however, few have addressed this on a socioeconomic level. Also, some researchers have found Environmental Gini Coefficients (EGCs) from consumption of all commodities, however, conspicuously few have considered only food products. Therefore, even though rising environmental impacts from food are observed, addressing who   i.e. which regions and income quintiles   is actually responsible for this and how this might further affect inequality is yet to be examined. The question comes down to this   how can we ensure food security while at the same time foster climate change mitigation and reduce inequality?   an issue that will be approached by delving into consumption habits of people in different socioeconomic levels. 
	In this study, the environmental impacts of food consumption were measured for 44 countries and 5 regions over an eight-year period (2004-2011) for five different income quintiles. The impacts were assessed in terms of three footprint categories; global warming potential (GWP), land use (LU) and blue water consumption (BWC). To address the footprint distribution across the quintiles, the Environmental Gini Coefficients (EGC) were calculated for each year. Further, Income Gini Coefficients (IGC) and the Human Development Index (HDI) were included to see the results in a development perspective. Ultimately, the contribution to the footprints of each food product was calculated. Information on quintile consumption from the environmentally extended Input-Output database EXIOBASE, income shares from The World Bank and World Income Inequality Database and HDI from the UNDP were imported to MATLAB for calculations. 
	The results argue that all global footprints from food consumption have been increasing in absolute and per capita values since 2004. The largest rise was observed for the two upper quintiles, which additionally had a share of 59-61\% combined of total global footprints from food consumption in 2011. Globally, the upper middle class (quintile 4) was found to have the most increasing GWP FP and LU FP. Further, the global GWP FP and LU FP were observed to be decreasing during The Global Financial Crisis around 2008, where the footprints from the poorest quintiles were found to be the most sensitive to the economic changes caused by the crisis. The EGCs were observed to be steadily increasing from 2004 to values of 0.379 (GWP), 0.389 (LU) and 0.374 (BWC) in 2011. Regionally, China, United States, Indonesia and RoW Africa were found to experience rising footprint inequality, whereas Norway and Brazil were growing more equal. Meat from cattle, milk and dairy were observed to have the most impact on GWP and LU, whereas wheat and nuts were most important for BWC. The global results indicate that environmental impacts from food is increasingly caused by those of higher income groups, thus the distribution of footprints is growing more unequal.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2019-07-16},
	author = {Thomassen, Kristin Muller},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
	annote = {The global results indicate that environmental impacts from food is increasingly caused by those of higher income groups, thus the distribution of footprints is growing more unequal},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/DMBJXCLQ/Thomassen - 2018 - Inequality and Diet How Are Environmental Impacts.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4L3RWKAV/2562779.html:text/html}
}

@book{isenhour_power_2019,
	title = {Power and {Politics} in {Sustainable} {Consumption} {Research} and {Practice}},
	isbn = {978-1-351-67731-8},
	abstract = {With growing awareness of environmental deterioration, atmospheric pollution and resource depletion, the last several decades have brought increased attention and scrutiny to global consumption levels. However, there are significant and well documented limitations associated with current efforts to encourage more sustainable consumption patterns, ranging from informational and time constraints to the highly individualizing effect of market-based participation.   This volume, featuring essays solicited from experts engaged in sustainable consumption research from around the world, presents empirical and theoretical illustrations of the various means through which politics and power influence (un)sustainable consumption practices, policies and perspectives. With chapters on compelling topics including collective action, behaviour-change and the transition movement, the authors discuss why current efforts have largely failed to meet environmental targets and explore promising directions for research, policy and practice.   Featuring contributions that will help the reader open up politics and power in ways that are accessible and productive and bridge the gaps with current approaches to sustainable consumption, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of sustainable consumption and the politics of sustainability.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Isenhour, Cindy and Martiskainen, Mari and Middlemiss, Lucie},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: EtqMDwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Sustainable Development, Science / Environmental Science, Nature / Ecology, zk, paper\_inequality, Political Science / Public Policy / Environmental Policy, income-stratified-footprints},
	file = {Screenshot from 2019-07-16 14-13-49.png:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CR5AZYBK/Screenshot from 2019-07-16 14-13-49.png:image/png}
}

@incollection{hubacek_global_2017,
	title = {Global income inequality and carbon footprints: {Can} we have the cake and eat it too?},
	shorttitle = {Global income inequality and carbon footprints},
	booktitle = {Environmental and {Economic} {Impacts} of {Decarbonization}},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Hubacek, Klaus and Baiocchi, Giovanni and Feng, Kuishuang and Castillo, Raúl Muñoz and Sun, Laixiang and Xue, Jinjun},
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {111--124},
	annote = {Our results show that when focusing on countries and averages we miss lots of interesting information. There are huge differences in carbon footprints between as well as within countries. A general finding is that the higher the income the higher the carbon footprint. There is no leveling off. Higher incomes generate higher carbon footprints. There are interesting differences between countries. For example, in US income groups are associated with higher carbon emissions when compared to equivalent groups in European countries. We will present some reasons of why that is the case. When looking at poor countries we find huge disparities between the carbon footprint of the rich versus the poor which for some very poor countries differ by several order of magnitudes,and are generally much larger than differences between rich and poor in rich countries such as the US and Europe. The global middle class is the main contributor to global carbon emissions thus it is not surprisingly that adding to the middle class by moving people out of poverty adds significantly to global carbon emissions and makes global targets for mitigating greenhouse gases more difficult to achieve given the pace of technological progress, fossil fuel dependence and generally increasing carbon emissions with higher income.},
	file = {Hubacek et al. - 2017 - Global income inequality and carbon footprints Ca.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/EYCER6TS/Hubacek et al. - 2017 - Global income inequality and carbon footprints Ca.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RHP5HJKB/9781315225937-6.html:text/html}
}

@article{ottelin_carbon_2018,
	title = {Carbon and material footprints of a welfare state: {Why} and how governments should enhance green investments},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {1462-9011},
	shorttitle = {Carbon and material footprints of a welfare state},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901117311802},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2018.04.011},
	abstract = {Sustainable development and climate change mitigation have become guiding policy principles in many welfare states. However, the traditional role of a welfare state is to guarantee the economic stability, jobs and welfare for its citizens. Sustainable development leans on the idea that we can have economic, social and environmental sustainability at the same time. This would require decoupling of economic growth from environmental degradation. Decoupling should be studied globally, because within nations, the economy can grow while local environmental impacts decrease, but at the same time, global environmental impacts may increase due to international trade. In this study, we examine the consumption-based carbon and material footprints of a Nordic welfare state, Finland. We focus on the environmental impacts of public spending, which has received little attention previously. In welfare states, the reallocation of public funds to services and individuals are at its core. In the study, we examine how this affects the carbon and material footprints of various income groups and household types. We find that the share of public services and investments is 19\% of the carbon footprint and 38\% of the material footprint per capita. Building of infrastructure plays a major role in composing the material footprint. We also find that the welfare state has important features that improve the carbon equity between the citizens. To achieve absolute decoupling, required to reduce environmental impacts caused by economic activities, we suggest policies promoting public and private green investments. In addition, increased carbon pricing would enhance green investments and drive environmental innovation.},
	urldate = {2019-07-16},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Policy},
	author = {Ottelin, Juudit and Heinonen, Jukka and Junnila, Seppo},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, Carbon footprint, Carbon equity, Carbon pricing, Green investments, Material footprint, Welfare state, income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {1--10},
	annote = { 
Welfare services and income transfers increase carbon equity in welfare states.
Green investments could reduce footprints without causing unwanted rebound effects.
 },
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VV9ZDERK/Ottelin et al. - 2018 - Carbon and material footprints of a welfare state.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/3CUWHJYD/S1462901117311802.html:text/html}
}

@article{hubacek_global_2017-1,
	title = {Global carbon inequality},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2363-8338},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-017-0072-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s40974-017-0072-9},
	abstract = {Global climate change and inequality are inescapably linked both in terms of who contributes climate change and who suffers the consequences. This fact is also partly reflected in two United Nations (UN) processes: on the one hand, the Paris Agreement of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change under which countries agreed to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and, on the other hand, the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals aiming to end poverty. These agreements are seen as important foundation to put the world nations on a sustainable pathway. However, how these agreements can be achieved or whether they are even mutually compatible is less clear. We explore the global carbon inequality between and within countries and the carbon implications of poverty alleviation by combining detailed consumer expenditure surveys for different income categories for a wide range of countries with an environmentally extended multi-regional input–output approach to estimate carbon footprints of different household groups, globally, and assess the carbon implications of moving the poorest people out of poverty. Given the current context, increasing income leads to increasing carbon footprints and makes global targets for mitigating greenhouse gases more difficult to achieve given the pace of technological progress and current levels of fossil fuel dependence. We conclude that the huge level of carbon inequality requires a critical discussion of undifferentiated income growth. Current carbon-intensive lifestyles and consumption patterns need to enter the climate discourse to a larger extent.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2019-07-16},
	journal = {Energy, Ecology and Environment},
	author = {Hubacek, Klaus and Baiocchi, Giovanni and Feng, Kuishuang and Muñoz Castillo, Raúl and Sun, Laixiang and Xue, Jinjun},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Mitigation, Greenhouse gases, Input–output analysis, Climate change, zk, paper\_inequality, Consumption patterns, Lifestyles, Poverty, income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {361--369},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/JFL54LHB/Hubacek et al. - 2017 - Global carbon inequality.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gore_extreme_2015,
	title = {Extreme {Carbon} {Inequality}: {Why} the {Paris} climate deal must put the poorest, lowest emitting and most vulnerable people first},
	shorttitle = {Extreme {Carbon} {Inequality}},
	author = {Gore, Timothy},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
	file = {Gore - 2015 - Extreme Carbon Inequality Why the Paris climate d.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IS88YUPI/Gore - 2015 - Extreme Carbon Inequality Why the Paris climate d.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4L26QH4U/582545.html:text/html}
}

@article{kenner_inequality_2015,
	title = {Inequality of overconsumption: {The} ecological footprint of the richest},
	shorttitle = {Inequality of overconsumption},
	journal = {Cambridge, Global Sustainability Institute, Anglia Ruskin University},
	author = {Kenner, Dario},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
	file = {Full Text:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/D2TRPWU7/Kenner - 2015 - Inequality of overconsumption The ecological foot.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{kleinhuckelkotten_reprasentative_2016,
	title = {Repräsentative {Erhebung} von {Pro}-{Kopf}- {Verbräuchen} natürlicher {Ressourcen} in {Deutschland} (nach {Bevölkerungsgruppen})},
	url = {https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/repraesentative-erhebung-von-pro-kopf-verbraeuchen},
	abstract = {Welchen CO2-Ausstoß haben unterschiedliche Bevölkerungsgruppen? Wovon hängt ein niedriger oder hoher Umweltverbrauch ab? Welche Rolle spielen verschiedene Umwelteinstellungen? Welche Rolle das Einkommen? Der Bericht liefert Antworten auf diese Fragen. Mittels einer Repräsentativbefragung von gut 1.000 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern aus ganz Deutschland wurden unter anderem Daten und Informationen zu den Bereichen Heizung, Warmwasserverbrauch, Wäschewaschen und -trocknen, Kühlen und Gefrieren, Kochen, Beleuchtung, Geräte der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik, Alltagsmobilität, Urlaubsreisen, Nahrung, Kleidung, Saunabesuch und Haustierhaltung abgefragt. Themen waren weiterhin eigene Anlagen zur Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien bzw. Beteiligungen an solchen Anlagen und Kompensationszahlungen für CO2-Emissionen. Die gängigen soziodemografischen Daten wurden erhoben und Einstellungen abgefragt, anhand derer eine Zuordnung der Befragten zu sechs sozialen Milieusegmenten möglich war.Die statistischen Analysen bestätigen die Vermutung, dass vor allem das Einkommen einen zentralen Treiber für den Ressourcenverbrauch darstellt. Der Energieverbrauch nimmt mit dem Alter zu, ist bei Männern größer als bei Frauen und sinkt tendenziell mit der Haushaltsgröße. Bemerkenswert ist, dass er in den sozialen Milieusegmenten mit verbreitet positiven Umwelteinstellungen überdurchschnittlich hoch ist. Detaillierte Auswertungen für die einzelnen Energieverbrauchsbereiche ergeben zum Teil sehr komplexe Abhängigkeiten von soziodemografischen Merkmalen und Einstellungen der Befragten.},
	language = {de},
	urldate = {2019-07-16},
	publisher = {Umweltbundesamt},
	author = {Kleinhückelkotten, Silke and Neitzke, H.-Peter and Moser, Stephanie},
	month = apr,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/L9KI9BJX/repraesentative-erhebung-von-pro-kopf-verbraeuchen.html:text/html}
}

@article{otto_shift_2019,
	title = {Shift the focus from the super-poor to the super-rich},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {2019 Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1758-6798},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0402-3},
	doi = {10.1038/s41558-019-0402-3},
	abstract = {Carbon mitigation efforts often focus on the world’s poorest people, dealing with topics such as food and energy security, and increased emissions potential from projected population, income and consumption growth. However, more policies are needed that target people at the opposite end of the social ladder — the super-rich.},
	language = {En},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2019-07-16},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	author = {Otto, Ilona M. and Kim, Kyoung Mi and Dubrovsky, Nika and Lucht, Wolfgang},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {zk, paper\_inequality, income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {82},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/329L5PCV/Otto et al. - 2019 - Shift the focus from the super-poor to the super-r.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4YYNU3YI/s41558-019-0402-3.html:text/html}
}

@article{vita_connecting_2019,
	title = {Connecting global emissions to fundamental human needs and their satisfaction},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faae6e0},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aae6e0},
	abstract = {While quality of life (QOL) is the result of satisfying human needs, our current provision strategies result in global environmental degradation. To ensure sustainable QOL, we need to understand the environmental impact of human needs satisfaction. In this paper we deconstruct QOL, and apply the fundamental human needs framework developed by Max-Neef et al to calculate the carbon and energy footprints of subsistence, protection, creation, freedom, leisure, identity, understanding and participation. We find that half of global carbon emissions are driven by subsistence and protection. A similar amount are due to freedom, identity, creation and leisure together, whereas understanding and participation jointly account for less than 4\% of global emissions. We use 35 objective and subjective indicators to evaluate human needs satisfaction and their associated carbon footprints across nations. We find that the relationship between QOL and environmental impact is more complex than previously identified through aggregated or single indicators. Satisfying needs such as protection, identity and leisure is generally not correlated with their corresponding footprints. In contrast, the likelihood of satisfying needs for understanding, creation, participation and freedom, increases steeply when moving from low to moderate emissions, and then stagnates. Most objective indicators show a threshold trend with respect to footprints, but most subjective indicators show no relationship, except for freedom and creation. Our study signals the importance of considering both subjective and objective satisfaction to assess QOL-impact relationships at the needs level. In this way, resources could be strategically invested where they strongly relate to social outcomes, and spared where non-consumption satisfiers could be more effective. Through this approach, decoupling human needs satisfaction from environmental damage becomes more attainable.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-06-03},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	author = {Vita, Gibran and Hertwich, Edgar G. and Stadler, Konstantin and Wood, Richard},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {014002},
	file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/BU3JL5JA/Vita et al. - 2019 - Connecting global emissions to fundamental human n.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ridzuan_inequality_2019,
	title = {Inequality and the environmental {Kuznets} curve},
	volume = {228},
	issn = {0959-6526},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652619313757},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.284},
	abstract = {Is income inequality harmful to the environment? The answer to this question has not reached a consensus in the literature. This study seeks to provide insight into this question by examining the influence of income inequality on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), i.e., the impact of income inequality on the EKC turning point. Two potential mechanisms through which inequality may affect the EKC turning point: by reducing public demand for environmental protection and by increasing a power of capital owners to prevent such protection. Using a large sample (N = 170–174) of countries, we find evidence of the EKC for SO2 emissions and income inequality has a significant impact on the EKC turning point. Income inequality increases the EKC turning point, suggesting that high inequality can be damaging to the environment. The results are robust to potential outliers, different data sources of income inequality, a different SO2 emissions measure, changes in model specification, different samples and an alternative estimation method. We also find that inequality appears to be more important than corruption in determining the EKC turning point.},
	urldate = {2019-12-18},
	journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
	author = {Ridzuan, Sulhi},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Environmental Kuznets curve, income-stratified-footprints, Environmental degradation, Income inequality, SO emissions},
	pages = {1472--1481},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/T3GSJ3D2/Ridzuan - 2019 - Inequality and the environmental Kuznets curve.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/WSIXXXFN/S0959652619313757.html:text/html}
}

@article{berthe_mechanisms_2015,
	title = {Mechanisms explaining the impact of economic inequality on environmental deterioration},
	volume = {116},
	issn = {09218009},
	url = {http://journals.scholarsportal.info/detailsundefined},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.04.026},
	abstract = {Abstract Rising economic inequality, often considered intrinsically harmful, is increasingly being viewed as having a number of secondary impacts as well, including impacts on health and economic growth. The ongoing nature of today's environmental crisis also raises questions about inequality's role in environmental deterioration. Despite the large number of papers that have been written on this topic, no theoretical or empirical consensus presently exists. Firstly, our article identifies that authors' conclusions in this area depend on their hypotheses regarding 1) the relationship between individual income and individual environmental pressure, 2) the impact of inequality on the social norms that influence individual environmental pressure, 3) the interests that social groups have in degrading or protecting the environment, 4) how these interests play out in terms of political demands, and 5) how these political demands translate into political decisions. Secondly, the study shows that, despite enabling a general test of the causal relationship between inequality and the environment, the empirical methods utilised do not account for the full range of theoretical mechanisms in play. Hence the suggestion that a research programme be launched to conduct empirical studies of the five aforementioned hypotheses by applying a recursive approach. Highlights • The paper compares theories analysing the effect of inequality in the environment. • Our framework identifies the mechanisms at work in these theories. • In the empirical literature, inequality is found to negatively affect biodiversity and environmental policy. • Current empirical methods do not account for the variety of theoretical mechanisms. • An investigatory strategy is proposed to overcome this limitation.},
	number = {Complete},
	urldate = {2019-12-18},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Berthe, Alexandre and Elie, Luc},
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {Economic inequality, income-stratified-footprints, Environmental policies, Environmental pressures, ineq-enviro-statistical-analysis},
	pages = {191--200}
}

@article{scruggs_political_1998,
	title = {Political and economic inequality and the environment},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0921-8009},
	url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecolec/v_3a26_3ay_3a1998_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a259-275.htm},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-01-15},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Scruggs, Lyle},
	year = {1998},
	note = {tex.ids: scruggsPoliticalEconomicInequality1998a},
	keywords = {income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {259--275},
	file = {RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UVWX2K9A/v_3a26_3ay_3a1998_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a259-275.html:text/html;RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CA6Z8PXK/v_3a26_3ay_3a1998_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a259-275.html:text/html}
}

@article{dynan_rich_2004,
	title = {Do the {Rich} {Save} {More}?},
	volume = {112},
	url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/ucpjpolec/v_3a112_3ay_3a2004_3ai_3a2_3ap_3a397-444.htm},
	abstract = {The question of whether higherlifetime income households save a larger fraction of their income was the subject of much debate in the 1950s and 1960s, and while not resolved, it remains central to the evaluation of tax and macroeconomic policies. We resolve this long-standing question using new empirical methods applied to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the Survey of Consumer Finances, and the Consumer Expenditure Survey. We find a strong positive relationship between saving rates and lifetime income and a weaker but still positive relationship between the marginal propensity to save and lifetime income. There is little support for theories that seek to explain these positive correlations by relying solely on time preference rates, nonhomothetic preferences, or variations in Social Security benefits. There is more support for models emphasizing uncertainty with respect to income and health expenses, bequest motives, and asset-based means testing or behavioral factors causing minimal saving rates among low-income households.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-01-15},
	journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
	author = {Dynan, Karen E. and Skinner, Jonathan and Zeldes, Stephen},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {397--444},
	file = {RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IQ24GCAU/v_3a112_3ay_3a2004_3ai_3a2_3ap_3a397-444.html:text/html}
}

@article{ala-mantila_relationship_2014,
	title = {Relationship between urbanization, direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, and expenditures: {A} multivariate analysis},
	issn = {0921-8009},
	shorttitle = {Relationship between urbanization, direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, and expenditures},
	url = {https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/relationship-between-urbanization-direct-and-indirect-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-expenditures-a-multivariate-analysis(9e80cbaa-3768-4b75-b321-785a57dd4482).html},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.019},
	language = {English},
	number = {104},
	urldate = {2020-01-15},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Ala-Mantila, Sanna and Heinonen, Jukka and Junnila, Seppo},
	year = {2014},
	note = {tex.ids: ala-mantilaRelationshipUrbanizationDirect2014},
	keywords = {Climate change and urbanity, Environmentally extended input–output model, Household consumption, Multivariate regression model, income-stratified-footprints},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/KN564B5W/Ala-Mantila et al. - 2014 - Relationship between urbanization, direct and indi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/JX4NJC5V/S0921800914001281.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/L66IAAIA/relationship-between-urbanization-direct-and-indirect-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-expenditures.html:text/html}
}

@article{roberts_four_2020,
	title = {Four agendas for research and policy on emissions mitigation and well-being},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2059-4798},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-sustainability/article/four-agendas-for-research-and-policy-on-emissions-mitigation-and-wellbeing/FF21DE61152F97ACA39B041E1E016CA7#.XiAyWbVC2LY.twitter},
	doi = {10.1017/sus.2019.25},
	abstract = {The climate crisis requires nations to achieve human well-being with low national levels of carbon emissions. Countries vary from one another dramatically in how effectively they convert resources into well-being, and some nations with low levels of emissions have relatively high objective and subjective well-being. We identify urgent research and policy agendas for four groups of countries with either low or high emissions and well-being indicators. Least studied are those with low well-being and high emissions. Understanding social and political barriers to switching from high-carbon to lower-carbon modes of production and consumption, and ways to overcome them, will be fundamental.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-01-16},
	journal = {Global Sustainability},
	author = {Roberts, J. Timmons and Steinberger, Julia K. and Dietz, Thomas and Lamb, William F. and York, Richard and Jorgenson, Andrew K. and Givens, Jennifer E. and Baer, Paul and Schor, Juliet B.},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {climate change, decoupling, development pathways, low-carbon, well-being},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4VX89R2B/Roberts et al. - 2020 - Four agendas for research and policy on emissions .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/XCYHBSBC/FF21DE61152F97ACA39B041E1E016CA7.html:text/html}
}

@article{heil_inequality_1997,
	title = {Inequality in {CO}2 {Emissions} {Between} {Poor} and {Rich} {Countries}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {1070-4965},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/107049659700600404},
	doi = {10.1177/107049659700600404},
	abstract = {Threatened by global warming, most countries agree on the importance of global greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Yet disagreements persist on the distributional issues involved. Poor countries challenge historical and current inequalities in per capita emissions. Rich countries fear the disruptions that may accompany future reductions of their emissions. This article measures the inequality in per capita CO2emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production and the contributions of poor and rich countries to this inequality through a group decomposition of the Gini index 1960 to 1990. Emissions became only marginally less unequal over the period. The impact on inequality of proposals to curtail future emissions through reductions proportional to current emissions, gross domestic product, and population, as well as fixed and sliding combinations, are discussed. Finally, it is shown how the Gini analysis could be applied to quasi-emissions, which incorporate emissions transactions through a tradable emissions permit system and/or joint implementation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-01-22},
	journal = {The Journal of Environment \& Development},
	author = {Heil, Mark T. and Wodon, Quentin T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1997},
	keywords = {income-stratified-footprints},
	pages = {426--452},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VPFAZZ3R/Heil and Wodon - 1997 - Inequality in CO2 Emissions Between Poor and Rich .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@techreport{gough_distribution_2011,
	address = {Rochester, NY},
	type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
	title = {The {Distribution} of {Total} {Greenhouse} {Gas} {Emissions} by {Households} in the {UK}, and {Some} {Implications} for {Social} {Policy}},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1935761},
	abstract = {This paper maps the distribution of total direct and embodied emissions of greenhouse gases by households in the UK and goes on to analyse their main drivers. Previous research has studied the distribution of direct emissions by households, notably from domestic fuel and electricity, but this is the first to cover the indirect emissions embodied in the consumption of food, consumer goods and services, including imports. To study total emissions by British households we link an input-output model of the UK economy to the UK Expenditure and Food Survey. Results are presented as descriptive statistics followed by regression analysis. All categories of per capita emission rise with income which is the main driver. Two other variables are always significant: household composition, partly reflecting economies of scale in consumption and emissions in larger households, and employment status. This 'standard' model explains 35\% of variation in total emissions, reflecting further variation within income groups and household types. We also compute the distribution of emissions derived from the consumption of welfare state services: here, lower income and pensioner households 'emit' more due to their greater use of these services. To take further account of the social implications of these findings, we first estimate emissions per £ of income. This shows a reverse slope with emissions per £ rising as one descends the income scale. The decline with income is especially acute for domestic energy, housing and food emissions, 'necessary' expenditures with a lower income elasticity of demand. Next, we move away from per capita emissions by assuming children under 14 emit half that of adults, which reduces disparities between household types. To implement personal carbon allowances, further research will be needed into the carbon allowances of children and single person households. Current government policies to raise carbon prices mainly in domestic energy are found to be especially regressive, but tracking total carbon consumption within a country would require radical changes in monitoring carbon flows at national borders. In the meantime, poorly targeted policies to compensate 'fuel poor' families should give way to more radical 'eco-social' policies, such as house retrofitting, coupled with 'social' tariffs for domestic energy.},
	language = {en},
	number = {ID 1935761},
	urldate = {2020-01-22},
	institution = {Social Science Research Network},
	author = {Gough, Ian and Abdallah, Saamah and Johnson, Victoria and Ryan-Collins, Josh and Smith, Cindy},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {income-stratified-footprints, and Some Implications for Social Policy, Cindy Smith, Ian Gough, Josh Ryan-Collins, Saamah Abdallah, SSRN, The Distribution of Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Households in the UK, Victoria Johnson},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/63DSRKHE/papers.html:text/html}
}

@article{moser_good_2018,
	title = {Good {Intents}, but {Low} {Impacts}: {Diverging} {Importance} of {Motivational} and {Socioeconomic} {Determinants} {Explaining} {Pro}-{Environmental} {Behavior}, {Energy} {Use}, and {Carbon} {Footprint}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0013-9165},
	shorttitle = {Good {Intents}, but {Low} {Impacts}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916517710685},
	doi = {10.1177/0013916517710685},
	abstract = {Earlier research has yielded contradictory results as to the main drivers of environmentally significant behavior. Intent-oriented research has stressed the importance of motivational aspects, while impact-oriented research has drawn attention to people’s socioeconomic status. In this study, we investigated the diverging role of a pro-environmental stance under these two research perspectives. Data from a German survey (N = 1,012) enabled assessment of per capita energy use, and individual carbon footprints (impact-related measures), pro-environmental behavior (an intent-related measure), and behavior indicators varying in environmental impact and intent. Regression analyses revealed people’s environmental self-identity to be the main predictor of pro-environmental behavior; however, environmental self-identity played an ambiguous role in predicting actual environmental impacts. Instead, environmental impacts were best predicted by people’s income level. Our results show that individuals with high pro-environmental self-identity intend to behave in an ecologically responsible way, but they typically emphasize actions that have relatively small ecological benefits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-01-22},
	journal = {Environment and Behavior},
	author = {Moser, Stephanie and Kleinhückelkotten, Silke},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {carbon footprint, environmental impact, energy use, income-stratified-footprints, environmental self-identity, pro-environmental behavior},
	pages = {626--656},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IH9NVAVJ/Moser and Kleinhückelkotten - 2018 - Good Intents, but Low Impacts Diverging Importanc.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@techreport{ummel_who_2014,
	address = {Rochester, NY},
	type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
	title = {Who {Pollutes}? {A} {Household}-{Level} {Database} of {America}'s {Greenhouse} {Gas} {Footprint}},
	shorttitle = {Who {Pollutes}?},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2622751},
	abstract = {This paper describes the creation of a database providing estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) footprints for 6 million US households over the period 2008-2012. The database allows analysis of footprints for 52 types of consumption (e.g. electricity, gasoline, apparel, beef, air travel, etc.) within and across geographic regions as small as individual census tracts. Potential research applications with respect to carbon pricing and tax policy are discussed. Preliminary analysis reveals:},
	language = {en},
	number = {ID 2622751},
	urldate = {2020-01-22},
	institution = {Social Science Research Network},
	author = {Ummel, Kevin},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {climate change, environment, air pollution, income-stratified-footprints, greenhouse gases},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/5MNZKYCE/papers.html:text/html}
}

@techreport{buchs_uk_2013,
	title = {{UK} {Households}' {Carbon} {Footprint}: {A} {Comparison} of the {Association} between {Household} {Characteristics} and {Emissions} from {Home} {Energy}, {Transport} and {Other} {Goods} and {Services}},
	shorttitle = {{UK} {Households}' {Carbon} {Footprint}},
	url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp7204.html},
	abstract = {Does the association between household characteristics and household CO2 emissions differ for different areas such as home energy, transport, indirect and total emissions in the UK? Specific types of households might be more likely to have high emissions in some areas than in others and thus be affected differently by climate mitigation policies that target these areas. Using the Living Costs and Food Survey and Expenditure and Food Survey for the years 2006 to 2009, this paper compares how household characteristics like income, household size, rural/urban location and education level differ in their association with home energy, transport, indirect and total emissions. We find that the association between household characteristics and emissions differs considerably across these areas, particularly for income, education, the presence of children, female headed, workless and rural households. We also test the implicit assumption in the literature that the association between household characteristics and CO2 emission is constant across the CO2 emission distribution using quantile regressions and compare results for poor and rich households. The analysis considers policy implications of these findings throughout.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7204},
	urldate = {2020-01-22},
	institution = {Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
	author = {Buchs, Milena and Schnepf, Sylke V.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {inequality, income-stratified-footprints, carbon dioxide emissions, climate change mitigation policies, living costs and food survey, United Kingdom},
	file = {Fullext PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/Y646JZHS/Buchs and Schnepf - 2013 - UK Households' Carbon Footprint A Comparison of t.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/8CQNRIVM/dp7204.html:text/html}
}

@article{shigetomi_influence_2016,
	title = {Influence of income difference on carbon and material footprints for critical metals: the case of {Japanese} households},
	volume = {5},
	shorttitle = {Influence of income difference on carbon and material footprints for critical metals},
	doi = {10.1186/s40008-015-0033-4},
	abstract = {This study simultaneously analyzed the carbon and material footprints for three critical metals (neodymium, cobalt, and platinum) in Japanese households with different income levels. These metals are critical for new energy technologies, such as electric vehicles and rechargeable batteries, and are thus central to carbon footprint reductions. The policy implications of the trade-offs between GHG mitigation and critical metal consumption are considered within the context of differences in income. A global link input–output model representing national and international supply chains was employed to quantify the footprints according to household income quintile. In addition, the square root scaling method was used to compare footprints among households, considering differences in household size and their footprint characteristics. It is found that the degree of similarity among the carbon and material footprints for the three target metals was not very high [Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between them were 0.34 (neodymium), 0.63 (cobalt), and 0.10 (platinum)], implying that differences in relative household demand should be carefully considered based on differences in target footprints. The results of this study were compared to a similar study conducted in the UK to identify similarities and differences among footprints. In both countries, the carbon footprint intensity of household expenditure decreases as household income increases. The findings of this study also revealed that, in contrast to the case of carbon footprints, the material footprint intensities of household expenditure rise as household income increases, particularly in the case of neodymium. Consequently, the implementation of subsidies aimed at reducing carbon footprints and stimulating the economy should carefully consider the concomitant increase in mate- rial footprints. Importantly, such considerations are not only applicable to developed countries, but also emerging countries, the living standards of which are expected to increase markedly in the near future.},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Structures},
	author = {Shigetomi, Yosuke and Nansai, Keisuke and Kagawa, Shigemi and Tohno, Susumu},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {income-stratified-footprints},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/GEQ2M57L/Shigetomi et al. - 2016 - Influence of income difference on carbon and mater.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lamb_human_2017,
	title = {Human well-being and climate change mitigation},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {© 2017 The Authors. WIREs Climate Change published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1757-7799},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.485},
	doi = {10.1002/wcc.485},
	abstract = {Climate change mitigation research is fundamentally motivated by the preservation of human lives and the environmental conditions which enable them. However, the field has to date rather superficial in its appreciation of theoretical claims in well-being thought, with deep implications for the framing of mitigation priorities, policies, and research. Major strands of well-being thought are hedonic well-being—typically referred to as happiness or subjective well-being—and eudaimonic well-being, which includes theories of human needs, capabilities, and multidimensional poverty. Aspects of each can be found in political and procedural accounts such as the Sustainable Development Goals. Situating these concepts within the challenges of addressing climate change, the choice of approach is highly consequential for: (1) understanding inter- and intra-generational equity; (2) defining appropriate mitigation strategies; and (3) conceptualizing the socio-technical provisioning systems that convert biophysical resources into well-being outcomes. Eudaimonic approaches emphasize the importance of consumption thresholds, beyond which dimensions of well-being become satiated. Related strands of well-being and mitigation research suggest constraining consumption to within minimum and maximum consumption levels, inviting normative discussions on the social benefits, climate impacts, and political challenges associated with a given form of provisioning. The question of how current socio-technical provisioning systems can be shifted towards low-carbon, well-being enhancing forms constitutes a new frontier in mitigation research, involving not just technological change and economic incentives, but wide-ranging social, institutional, and cultural shifts. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e485. doi: 10.1002/wcc.485 This article is categorized under: Climate and Development {\textgreater} Sustainability and Human Well-Being},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2020-02-25},
	journal = {WIREs Climate Change},
	author = {Lamb, William F. and Steinberger, Julia K.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wcc.485},
	keywords = {zk},
	pages = {e485},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/XGCXDZUJ/Lamb and Steinberger - 2017 - Human well-being and climate change mitigation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/ENSJ8LMR/wcc.html:text/html}
}

@article{hertwich_carbon_2009,
	title = {Carbon {Footprint} of {Nations}: {A} {Global}, {Trade}-{Linked} {Analysis}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	shorttitle = {Carbon {Footprint} of {Nations}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/es803496a},
	doi = {10.1021/es803496a},
	abstract = {Processes causing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions benefit humans by providing consumer goods and services. This benefit, and hence the responsibility for emissions, varies by purpose or consumption category and is unevenly distributed across and within countries. We quantify greenhouse gas emissions associated with the final consumption of goods and services for 73 nations and 14 aggregate world regions. We analyze the contribution of 8 categories: construction, shelter, food, clothing, mobility, manufactured products, services, and trade. National average per capita footprints vary from 1 tCO2e/y in African countries to ∼30t/y in Luxembourg and the United States. The expenditure elasticity is 0.57. The cross-national expenditure elasticity for just CO2, 0.81, corresponds remarkably well to the cross-sectional elasticities found within nations, suggesting a global relationship between expenditure and emissions that holds across several orders of magnitude difference. On the global level, 72\% of greenhouse gas emissions are related to household consumption, 10\% to government consumption, and 18\% to investments. Food accounts for 20\% of GHG emissions, operation and maintenance of residences is 19\%, and mobility is 17\%. Food and services are more important in developing countries, while mobility and manufactured goods rise fast with income and dominate in rich countries. The importance of public services and manufactured goods has not yet been sufficiently appreciated in policy. Policy priorities hence depend on development status and country-level characteristics.},
	number = {16},
	urldate = {2020-01-29},
	journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
	author = {Hertwich, Edgar G. and Peters, Glen P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {6414--6420},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/WRBUI7QU/es803496a.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/XGJUDL7B/Hertwich and Peters - 2009 - Carbon Footprint of Nations A Global, Trade-Linke.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lutz_world_2015,
	title = {World {Population} \& {Human} {Capital} in the {Twenty}-{First} {Century}},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0032-4728, 1477-4747},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00324728.2015.1057371},
	doi = {10.1080/00324728.2015.1057371},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-02-25},
	journal = {Population Studies},
	author = {Lutz, Wolfgang},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.ids: steen-olsenCarbonFootprintNorwegian2016a},
	keywords = {carbon footprint, consumer expenditure surveys, industrial ecology, input-output analysis (IOA), Norway, demography, fertility, education, fertility decline, household consumption},
	pages = {255--257},
	file = {Cleland - 2015 - World Population & Human Capital in the Twenty-Fir.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/BL6M3T6U/Cleland - 2015 - World Population & Human Capital in the Twenty-Fir.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4AHZDV75/jiec.html:text/html;Wolfgang Lutz, William P. Butz, Samir KC - World population and human capital in the twenty-first century-Oxford University Press (2014).pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/YQ7MFPV6/Wolfgang Lutz, William P. Butz, Samir KC - World population and human capital in the twenty-first century-Oxford University Press (2014).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wood_growth_2018,
	title = {Growth in {Environmental} {Footprints} and {Environmental} {Impacts} {Embodied} in {Trade}: {Resource} {Efficiency} {Indicators} from {EXIOBASE}3},
	volume = {22},
	copyright = {© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Industrial Ecology, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of Yale University},
	issn = {1530-9290},
	shorttitle = {Growth in {Environmental} {Footprints} and {Environmental} {Impacts} {Embodied} in {Trade}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12735},
	doi = {10.1111/jiec.12735},
	abstract = {Most countries show a relative decoupling of economic growth from domestic resource use, implying increased resource efficiency. However, international trade facilitates the exchange of products between regions with disparate resource productivity. Hence, for an understanding of resource efficiency from a consumption perspective that takes into account the impacts in the upstream supply chains, there is a need to assess the environmental pressures embodied in trade. We use EXIOBASE3, a new multiregional input-output database, to examine the rate of increase in resource efficiency, and investigate the ways in which international trade contributes to the displacement of pressures on the environment from the consumption of a population. We look at the environmental pressures of energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, material use, water use, and land use. Material use stands out as the only indicator growing in both absolute and relative terms to population and gross domestic product (GDP), while land use is the only indicator showing absolute decoupling from both references. Energy, GHG, and water use show relative decoupling. As a percentage of total global environmental pressure, we calculate the net impact displaced through trade rising from 23\% to 32\% for material use (1995–2011), 23\% to 26\% for water use, 20\% to 29\% for energy use, 20\% to 26\% for land use, and 19\% to 24\% for GHG emissions. The results show a substantial disparity between trade-related impacts for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries. At the product group level, we observe the most rapid growth in environmental footprints in clothing and footwear. The analysis points to implications for future policies aiming to achieve environmental targets, while fully considering potential displacement effects through international trade.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
	author = {Wood, Richard and Stadler, Konstantin and Simas, Moana and Bulavskaya, Tatyana and Giljum, Stefan and Lutter, Stephan and Tukker, Arnold},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {industrial ecology, environmental accounting, environmental input-output analysis, trade and environment, income-stratified-footprints, multiregional input-output database, system of integrated and environmental and economic accounting (SEEA)},
	pages = {553--564},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/I8QPZ4JR/Wood et al. - 2018 - Growth in Environmental Footprints and Environment.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/U5YC54RD/jiec.html:text/html}
}

@article{oswald_large_2020,
	title = {Large inequality in international and intranational energy footprints between income groups and across consumption categories},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {2058-7546},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0579-8},
	doi = {10.1038/s41560-020-0579-8},
	abstract = {Detailed measures of energy use inequality globally and within countries are essential to ensure a just energy transition. Estimating embedded energy in goods and services used by different income groups, Oswald et al. measure the large inequality in energy use in 86 countries, and internationally.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {Nature Energy},
	author = {Oswald, Yannick and Owen, Anne and Steinberger, Julia K.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {231--239},
	file = {Oswald_et_al_2020.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/XUJV43DV/Oswald_et_al_2020.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/LPQGH3YB/s41560-020-0579-8.html:text/html}
}

@article{duro_causal_2017,
	title = {The {Causal} {Factors} of {International} {Inequality} in {CO}2 {Emissions} {Per} {Capita}: {A} {Regression}-{Based} {Inequality} {Decomposition} {Analysis}},
	volume = {67},
	copyright = {Environmental and Resource Economics is a copyright of Springer, 2017.},
	issn = {09246460},
	shorttitle = {The {Causal} {Factors} of {International} {Inequality} in {CO}2 {Emissions} {Per} {Capita}},
	url = {https://search-proquest-com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/docview/1952033318/abstract/102A2D4268604E66PQ/1},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1007/s10640-015-9994-x},
	abstract = {This paper uses the possibilities provided by the regression-based inequality decomposition (Fields in Res Labor Econ 22:1–38, 2003 ) to explore the contribution of different explanatory factors to international inequality in CO2 emissions per capita. In contrast to previous emissions inequality decompositions, which were based on identity relationships, this methodology does not impose any a priori specific relationship. Thus, it allows an assessment of the contribution to inequality of different relevant variables. In short, the paper appraises the relative contributions of affluence, sectoral composition, demographic factors and climate. The analysis is applied to selected years of the period 1993–2007. The results show the important (though decreasing) share of the contribution of demographic factors, as well as a significant contribution of affluence and sectoral composition.},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {Environmental and Resource Economics; Dordrecht},
	author = {Duro, Juan Antonio and Teixidó-figueras, Jordi and Padilla, Emilio},
	month = aug,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Carbon dioxide, Decomposition, Affluence, Business And Economics--Economic Systems And Theories, Composition, Demographic aspects, Demographics, Economic History, Emissions, Environmental Studies, Identity, Inequality, Per capita, Regression analysis},
	pages = {683--700},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VNLMWGKQ/Duro et al. - 2017 - The Causal Factors of International Inequality in .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{teixido-figueras_international_2016,
	title = {International inequality of environmental pressures: {Decomposition} and comparative analysis},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1470-160X},
	shorttitle = {International inequality of environmental pressures},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X15006731},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.11.041},
	abstract = {Natural resource scarcity is no longer merely a remote possibility and governments increasingly seek information about the global distribution of resource use and related environmental pressures. This paper presents an international distributional analysis of natural resource use indicators. These encompass both territorial (national production) and footprint (national consumption) indicators for land-related pressures (human appropriation of net primary production, HANPP, and embodied HANPP), for material use (domestic material extraction and consumption and material footprint), and for carbon emissions (territorial carbon emissions and carbon footprints). Our main question is “What, both from a territorial and a footprint perspective, are the main driving factors of international environmental inequality?”. We show that, for the environmental indicators we studied, inequality tends to be higher for footprint indicators than for territorial ones. The exception is land use intensity (as measured by HANPP), for which geographical drivers mainly determine the distribution pattern. The international distribution of material consumption is mainly a result of economic drivers whereas, for domestic extraction, demographic drivers can explain almost half of the distribution pattern. Finally, carbon emissions are the environmental pressure that shows the highest international inequality because of the larger contribution of economic drivers.},
	urldate = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {Ecological Indicators},
	author = {Teixidó-Figueras, Jordi and Steinberger, Julia K. and Krausmann, Fridolin and Haberl, Helmut and Wiedmann, Thomas and Peters, Glen P. and Duro, Juan A. and Kastner, Thomas},
	month = mar,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {International trade, Drivers, HANPP, Material footprint, Consumption-based CO2 emissions, Domestic extraction, Domestic material consumption, eHANPP, Environmental equity, Footprint-territorial indicators, Inequality decomposition, Resource use distribution, STIRPAT model},
	pages = {163--173},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UDF8BZB6/Teixidó-Figueras et al. - 2016 - International inequality of environmental pressure.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/8PQX7AXU/S1470160X15006731.html:text/html}
}

@article{galvin_economic_2018,
	title = {Economic {Inequality} and {Household} {Energy} {Consumption} in {High}-income {Countries}: {A} {Challenge} for {Social} {Science} {Based} {Energy} {Research}},
	volume = {153},
	issn = {0921-8009},
	shorttitle = {Economic {Inequality} and {Household} {Energy} {Consumption} in {High}-income {Countries}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800918300260},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.07.003},
	abstract = {Social science approaches commonly used in household energy consumption research tend to focus on regular, everyday determinants of household behavior (discourse, practices, sociotechnical relations, actor-networks, etc.). Their conceptual frames avoid consideration of economic inequality and how it affects home ownership, energy efficiency investment, norms, practices, power relations and, consequently, energy use. This may have roots in a split between macroeconomics and sociology dating from the mid-20th century, while a focus on regular, everyday determinants of behavior was no doubt useful in the relatively egalitarian societies of the 1950s–1980s. But economic inequality has rapidly increased within high-income countries over the past 30–40 years, enabling high-wealth individuals' influence to grow. We argue this has decisive effects on the choices available to households in their energy behavior and discuss four ways it plays out: the negative effect of decreasing home-ownership on dwellings' thermal quality; fuel poverty; the influence of wealth distribution on carbon emissions; and gender-based wealth inequality. We argue that the macroeconomic issue of income inequality is a determinant of household energy consumption practices and, focusing on practice theory, we map out key dimensions in which it could be explicitly included in social science frameworks used to study household energy consumption.},
	urldate = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Galvin, Ray and Sunikka-Blank, Minna},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Economic inequality, Household energy consumption, Fuel poverty, Gender, Home ownership},
	pages = {78--88},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/GBKU5QKR/Galvin and Sunikka-Blank - 2018 - Economic Inequality and Household Energy Consumpti.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/W4GN8CDP/S0921800918300260.html:text/html}
}

@article{baker_embodied_2018,
	series = {Spatial {Adventures} in {Energy} {Studies}:},
	title = {Of embodied emissions and inequality: {Rethinking} energy consumption},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {2214-6296},
	shorttitle = {Of embodied emissions and inequality},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617303110},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.027},
	abstract = {This paper situates concepts of energy consumption within the context of growing research on embodied emissions. Using the UK as a case study I unpack the global socio-economic and ecological inequalities inherent in the measurement of greenhouse gas emissions on a territorial basis under the international climate change framework. In so doing, I problematise questions of distribution, allocation and responsibility with regards to the pressing need to reduce global GHG emissions and the consumption that generates them. I challenge the disproportionate emphasis that energy policy places on supply as opposed to demand, as well as its overriding focus on the national scale. Consequently I argue that any low carbon transition, in addition to a technological process, is also a geographical one that will involve the reconfiguration of "current spatial patterns of economic and social activity" (Bridge et al., 2013:331), as well as relationships both within countries and regions and between them.},
	urldate = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Baker, Lucy},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Embodied emissions, Ecologically unequal exchange, Inequality, Consumption-based emissions},
	pages = {52--60},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/WNUTGXDG/Baker - 2018 - Of embodied emissions and inequality Rethinking e.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7MH5FA97/S2214629617303110.html:text/html}
}

@article{lawrence_global_2013,
	title = {Global {Inequality} in {Energy} {Consumption} from 1980 to 2010},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1099-4300},
	url = {https://doaj.org},
	doi = {10.3390/e15125565},
	abstract = {DOAJ is an online directory that indexes and provides access to quality open access, peer-reviewed journals.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {Entropy},
	author = {Lawrence, Scott and Liu, Qin and Yakovenko, Victor M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {5565--5579},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/B6793U9T/1d4e4a62266f4e38990dd4e88cd0ee28.html:text/html}
}

@article{duro_automatic_2012,
	title = {On the automatic application of inequality indexes in the analysis of the international distribution of environmental indicators},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {09218009},
	url = {http://journals.scholarsportal.info/detailsundefined},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.12.019},
	abstract = {Abstract In recent years traditional inequality measures have been used to quite a considerable extent to examine the international distribution of environmental indicators. One of the main characteristics of these measures is that each one assigns different weights to the changes that occur in the different sections of the variable distribution and, consequently, the results they yield can potentially be very different. Hence, we suggest the appropriateness of using a range of well-recommended measures to achieve more robust results. We also provide an empirical test for the comparative behaviour of several suitable inequality measures and environmental indicators in the international context. Our findings support the hypothesis that in some cases there are differences among measures in both the sign of the evolution over time and its size.},
	number = {Complete},
	urldate = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Duro, Juan Antonio},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {D39, Inequality measures, International environment factor distribution, Kaya factors, Q43, Q56},
	pages = {1--7}
}

@article{girod_more_2010,
	title = {More or {Better}? {A} {Model} for {Changes} in {Household} {Greenhouse} {Gas} {Emissions} due to {Higher} {Income}},
	copyright = {Copyright MIT Press Journals Jan/Feb 2010},
	issn = {10881980},
	shorttitle = {More or {Better}?},
	url = {https://search-proquest-com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/docview/917319692?pq-origsite=summon&},
	abstract = {Households exert an important influence on total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, their consumption behavior is of interest in evaluations of climate policy options and projections of future emission paths. While most evaluations of household consumption and its emissions are based on expenditure only, we use a household consumption model based on functional units (e.g., kg food, person kilometers, living square meters). The goal of this article is to assess changes in consumption with increasing affluence level of households and to compare the allocation of GHG emissions to monetary versus functional units. We find that: 1. the model based on functional units provides good bottom-up estimates for greenhouse emissions of Swiss households, 2. quality (price per functional unit) increases with income for many consumption categories, and therefore using functional instead of monetary units leads to a lower increase of greenhouse gas emissions with income, and 3. the relevance of GHG emissions from goods and mobility will increase. We conclude that using household models based on monetary units only overestimates the impact of marginal consumption and neglects the potential of decoupling income and environmental impact by consuming better instead of more. For sustainable consumption, research and policy should aim at preventing goods of higher quality from having higher environmental impact in order to benefit from the increasing quality orientation with rising income.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology; New Haven},
	author = {Girod, Bastien and De Haan, Peter},
	month = feb,
	year = {2010},
	note = {tex.ids: girodMoreBetterModel2010},
	keywords = {Studies, Energy consumption, Greenhouse gases, behavioral change, Environmental policy, Environmental Studies, Consumer behavior, Engineering--Industrial Engineering, Ethical consumerism, Family income},
	pages = {31--49},
	file = {Girod_deHaan_2010_More_or_better-1.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/F8PQIIP8/Girod_deHaan_2010_More_or_better-1.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lamb_human_2015,
	title = {Human development in a climate-constrained world: {What} the past says about the future},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {09593780},
	shorttitle = {Human development in a climate-constrained world},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378015000473},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.010},
	abstract = {Energy consumption is necessary for the delivery of human development by supporting access to basic needs, services and infrastructure. Given prevailing technologies and the high degree of inertia in practical rates of decarbonisation, growth in energy consumption from rising global living standards may drive consequent greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In this paper the ‘development as usual’ GHG emissions impact of achieving high levels of life expectancy, access to basic needs and continued economic growth are projected to the mid-century using historical elasticities of development and energy consumption in 3 regions – Africa, Centrally Planned Asia, and South Asia. The results suggest that long life expectancy and high levels of access to basic needs are achievable at lower levels of emissions than continued economic growth, but will consume a substantial share of the global budget associated with a 2 8C climate goal.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-04-23},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Lamb, William F. and Rao, Narasimha D.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.ids: lambHumanDevelopmentClimateconstrained2015a, lambHumanDevelopmentClimateconstrained2015b},
	keywords = {Climate change, Development, Human well-being, Basic needs, Carbon emissions mitigation, ingram\_paper},
	pages = {14--22},
	file = {Lamb and Rao - 2015 - Human development in a climate-constrained world .pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/528WCMCY/Lamb and Rao - 2015 - Human development in a climate-constrained world .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/S8W5HB9Q/S0959378015000473.html:text/html}
}

@article{hubacek_poverty_2017,
	title = {Poverty eradication in a carbon constrained world},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {2017 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00919-4},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-017-00919-4},
	abstract = {The consequences of poverty eradication on limiting warming to 2 °C are not fully clear. Here, Hubacek et al. find that while ending extreme poverty does not jeopardize the climate target, moving everybody to a modest expenditure level increases required mitigation rate by 27\%},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-04-23},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Hubacek, Klaus and Baiocchi, Giovanni and Feng, Kuishuang and Patwardhan, Anand},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {ingram\_paper},
	pages = {1--9},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/SMNK7DK2/Hubacek et al. - 2017 - Poverty eradication in a carbon constrained world.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/I4SHXRCH/s41467-017-00919-4.html:text/html}
}

@article{haberl_systematic_2020,
	title = {A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of {GDP}, resource use and {GHG} emissions, part {II}: synthesizing the insights},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	shorttitle = {A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of {GDP}, resource use and {GHG} emissions, part {II}},
	url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab842a},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab842a},
	abstract = {Strategies toward ambitious climate targets usually rely on the concept of “decoupling”; that is, they aim at promoting economic growth while reducing the use of natural resources and GHG emissions. GDP growth coinciding with absolute reductions in emissions or resource use is denoted as “absolute decoupling”, as opposed to “relative decoupling”, where resource use or emissions increase less so than does GDP. Based on the bibliometric mapping in part I (Wiedenhofer et al., this issue), we synthesize the evidence emerging from the selected 835 peer-reviewed articles. We evaluate empirical studies of decoupling related to final/useful energy, exergy, use of material resources, as well as CO2 and total GHG emissions. We find that relative decoupling is frequent for material use as well as GHG and CO2 emissions but not for useful exergy, a quality-based measure of energy use. Primary energy can be decoupled from GDP largely to the extent to which the conversion of primary energy to useful exergy is improved. Examples of absolute long-term decoupling are rare, but recently some industrialized countries have decoupled GDP from both production- and, weaklier, consumption-based CO2 emissions. We analyze policies or strategies in the decoupling literature by classifying them into three groups: (1) Green growth, if sufficient reductions of resource use or emissions were deemed possible without altering the growth trajectory. (2) Degrowth, if reductions of resource use or emissions were given priority over GDP growth. (3) Others, e.g. if the role of energy for GDP growth was analyzed without reference to climate change mitigation. We conclude that large rapid absolute reductions of resource use and GHG emissions cannot be achieved through observed decoupling rates, hence decoupling needs to be complemented by sufficiency-oriented strategies and strict enforcement of absolute reduction targets. More research is needed on interdependencies between wellbeing, resources and emissions.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-04-09},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	author = {Haberl, Helmut and Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Virág, Doris and Kalt, Gerald and Plank, Barbara and Brockway, Paul and Fishman, Tomer and Hausknost, Daniel and Krausmann, Fridolin P. and Leon-Gruchalski, Bartholomäus and Mayer, Andreas and Pichler, Melanie and Schaffartzik, Anke and Sousa, Tânia and Streeck, Jan and Creutzig, Felix},
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Decoupling, resource use, zk},
	file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/GE9LCKSI/Haberl et al. - 2020 - A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{stadler_exiobase_2018,
	title = {{EXIOBASE} 3: {Developing} a {Time} {Series} of {Detailed} {Environmentally} {Extended} {Multi}-{Regional} {Input}-{Output} {Tables}},
	volume = {22},
	copyright = {© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Industrial Ecology, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of Yale University.},
	issn = {1530-9290},
	shorttitle = {{EXIOBASE} 3},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12715},
	doi = {10.1111/jiec.12715},
	abstract = {Environmentally extended multiregional input-output (EE MRIO) tables have emerged as a key framework to provide a comprehensive description of the global economy and analyze its effects on the environment. Of the available EE MRIO databases, EXIOBASE stands out as a database compatible with the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) with a high sectorial detail matched with multiple social and environmental satellite accounts. In this paper, we present the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3—a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply-use tables (SUTs) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. In order to capture structural changes, economic developments, as reported by national statistical agencies, were imposed on the available, disaggregated SUTs from EXIOBASE 2. These initial estimates were further refined by incorporating detailed data on energy, agricultural production, resource extraction, and bilateral trade. EXIOBASE 3 inherits the high level of environmental stressor detail from its precursor, with further improvement in the level of detail for resource extraction. To account for the expansion of the European Union (EU), EXIOBASE 3 was developed with the full EU28 country set (including the new member state Croatia). EXIOBASE 3 provides a unique tool for analyzing the dynamics of environmental pressures of economic activities over time.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-05-19},
	journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
	author = {Stadler, Konstantin and Wood, Richard and Bulavskaya, Tatyana and Södersten, Carl-Johan and Simas, Moana and Schmidt, Sarah and Usubiaga, Arkaitz and Acosta‐Fernández, José and Kuenen, Jeroen and Bruckner, Martin and Giljum, Stefan and Lutter, Stephan and Merciai, Stefano and Schmidt, Jannick H. and Theurl, Michaela C. and Plutzar, Christoph and Kastner, Thomas and Eisenmenger, Nina and Erb, Karl-Heinz and Koning, Arjan de and Tukker, Arnold},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Consumption-based accounting, industrial ecology, EE MRIO analysis, environmental-economic accounting, EXIOBASE, footprints},
	pages = {502--515},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QKIJAUCW/jiec.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{druckman_understanding_2016,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Understanding {Households} as {Drivers} of {Carbon} {Emissions}},
	isbn = {978-3-319-20571-7},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20571-7_9},
	abstract = {Households are accountable for nearly three quarters of global carbon emissions and thus understanding the drivers of these emissions is important if we are to make progress towards a low carbon future. This chapter starts by explaining the importance of using an appropriate consumption perspective accounting framework for assessing the carbon footprint of households. This contrasts from the more commonly used production perspective, as, for many Western countries in particular, once responsibility for emissions embedded in imported goods and services are taken into account, consumption emissions are often higher than production emissions.The chapter then reviews findings concerning the determinants and composition of the carbon footprint of households, focusing on Western countries. One of the main determinants is income, with carbon footprints increasing with increasing incomes. However, other drivers, such as household size and composition, rural/urban location, diet and type of energy supply, also play a part. Studies show that the majority of an average carbon footprint arises from three domains: transportation, housing and food. Further analyses aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of the motivations behind the activities driving emissions, in particular those due to transportation and housing, show that recreation and leisure pursuits are responsible for a substantial portion of average carbon footprints. Studies indicate, for example, that activities such as spending time with friends and family in and around the home, which are generally low carbon and also enhance well-being, should be encouraged alongside the more mainstream strategies of improving systems of provision of energy, food, housing and transportation.The finding that income is one of the principal drivers of carbon emissions is a challenging and important issue to address, as, for instance, incomes are arguably the driver of the rebound effect – a phenomenon that confounds attempts to reduce carbon footprints, making reducing emissions more of an uphill task than often acknowledged. This challenge leads us to a wider, whole-systems approach in which we view households as an integral part of the system of production and consumption.In summary, industrial ecology, with its wide ranging systems approach as shown in this chapter, has a great deal to contribute to the quest to devise strategies to move towards lower carbon, fulfilling lifestyles.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-17},
	booktitle = {Taking {Stock} of {Industrial} {Ecology}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Druckman, Angela and Jackson, Tim},
	editor = {Clift, Roland and Druckman, Angela},
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-20571-7_9},
	note = {tex.ids: druckmanUnderstandingHouseholdsDrivers2016a},
	keywords = {Consumption-based accounting, Rebound effect, Time use, Carbon footprint, Environmental input-output analysis, Household carbon-footprint, Personal carbon-footprint, Work-time reductions},
	pages = {181--203},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/PG2L7LG3/Druckman and Jackson - 2016 - Understanding Households as Drivers of Carbon Emis.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{galvin_green_2020,
	title = {The {Green} {New} {Deal} in the {United} {States}: {What} it is and how to pay for it},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {2214-6296},
	shorttitle = {The {Green} {New} {Deal} in the {United} {States}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629620301067},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101529},
	abstract = {The US Green New Deal (GND) resolution introduced by Congresswoman Ocasio-Cortez and Senator Markey is the first comprehensive program combining climate change mitigation and the elimination of economic inequality that could, conceivably, soon be adopted as policy in a major economy. We outline its main features, together with Senator Bernie Sanders’ more detailed, fully costed version, exploring its implications for policymaking and social science-based energy research. We focus on two of its most striking characteristics: its macroeconomics; and its inextricable linkage of climate change mitigation and the reduction of economic inequality. We find Sanders’ GND economically credible and argue that the GND's use of Keynesian demand-side macroeconomics challenges governments, policymakers and citizens to think anew about the nature of money. We suggest social scientists need to challenge neoclassical economic assumptions, which, we argue, enable both climate destruction and inequality to continue. We find the GND's combining of climate protection and equality credible, and argue that shifting the debate away from neoclassical understandings of public debt to careful assessments of inflationary impacts and resource needs will generate more productive analysis. We offer these insights as a first look at the GND and challenge others to join in this research.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-07},
	journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Galvin, Ray and Healy, Noel},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Climate change mitigation, Economic inequality, zk, Green New Deal, Keynesian economics, Modern monetary theory},
	pages = {101529},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UWTG5A4B/Galvin and Healy - 2020 - The Green New Deal in the United States What it i.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AD6I2WY5/S2214629620301067.html:text/html}
}

@article{buchs_promoting_2018,
	title = {Promoting low carbon behaviours through personalised information? {Long}-term evaluation of a carbon calculator interview},
	volume = {120},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	shorttitle = {Promoting low carbon behaviours through personalised information?},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518303343},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.030},
	abstract = {The UK needs to accelerate action to achieve its 80 per cent carbon reduction target by 2050 as it is otherwise in danger of lagging behind. A much discussed question in this context is whether voluntary behaviour change initiatives can make a significant contribution to reaching this target. While providing individuals with general information on climate change or low carbon action is increasingly seen as ineffective, some studies argue that personalised information has greater potential to encourage behaviour change. This mixed methods study examines this claim through a longitudinal field experiment which tested the effectiveness of a carbon calculator interview. It finds that the intervention significantly raised awareness of ways in which participants could reduce their carbon footprint. However, this increased awareness did not translate into measurable behaviour changes in relation to home energy and travel. Qualitative analysis shows that participants refer to infrastructural, social and psychological barriers to change. This indicates that more ambitious government and corporate action is required to speed up carbon reduction.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-23},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Büchs, Milena and Bahaj, AbuBakr S. and Blunden, Luke and Bourikas, Leonidas and Falkingham, Jane and James, Patrick and Kamanda, Mamusu and Wu, Yue},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Sustainable cities, Behaviour change, Energy reduction, Field experiment, Intervention, Personalised information},
	pages = {284--293},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/N39TDTV4/Büchs et al. - 2018 - Promoting low carbon behaviours through personalis.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/2MTSBVAN/S0301421518303343.html:text/html}
}

@article{bardsley_domestic_2019,
	title = {Domestic thermal upgrades, community action and energy saving: {A} three-year experimental study of prosperous households},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {0301-4215},
	shorttitle = {Domestic thermal upgrades, community action and energy saving},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518307638},
	doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2018.11.036},
	abstract = {A three-year field experiment was conducted with 185 prosperous households to assess whether behavioural interventions by a community environmental group during and after thermal upgrades (cavity wall and/or loft insulation) can achieve reductions in households’ energy use, including reductions in direct and indirect rebound. The engineering interventions on the thermal efficiency of dwellings appear effective in reducing energy use in both treatment and control groups: a direct rebound effect is estimated to be at most 40 per cent from the engineering interventions. However, across a range of measures of energy use, we observe no significant effect of the community behavioural intervention across the total lifetime of the project. Qualitative data collected on similar community groups suggests substantial constraints on their capacity to realise reductions in energy use amongst households.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-24},
	journal = {Energy Policy},
	author = {Bardsley, Nicholas and Büchs, Milena and James, Patrick and Papafragkou, Anastasios and Rushby, Thomas and Saunders, Clare and Smith, Graham and Wallbridge, Rebecca and Woodman, Nicholas},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Rebound, Behaviour change, Field experiment, Community group, Household energy saving, Thermal upgrade},