*' The macro-economic core of REMIND is a Ramsey-type optimal growth model in which intertemporal global welfare is optimized subject to equilibrium constraints ([02_welfare]). Intertemporal optimization ([80_optimization]) with perfect foresight is subject to market clearing. The model explicitly represents trade in final goods, primary energy carriers, and when certain climate policies are enabled, emissions allowances ([24_trade]). The macro-economic production factors are capital, labor, and final energy. A nested production function with constant elasticity of substitution determines the final energy demand ([01_macro], [29_CES_parameters]). REMIND uses economic output for investments in the macro-economic capital stock as well as for consumption, trade, and energy system expenditures.
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*' The macro-economic core and the energy system part are hard-linked via the final energy demand and the costs incurred by the energy system. Economic activity results in demand for final energy in different sectors such as transport ([35_transport]), electricity ([32_power]), and non-electric energy for stationary end uses ([38_stationary]) split into an industry ([37_industry]) and buildings ([36_buildings]) sector. The primary energy carriers in REMIND include both exhaustible and renewable resources. Exhaustible resources comprise uranium as well as three fossil resources ([31_fossil]), namely coal, oil, and gas. Renewable resources include hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass ([30_biomass]). More than 50 technologies are available for the conversion of primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy.
*' The macro-economic core and the energy system part are hard-linked via the final energy demand and the costs incurred by the energy system. Economic activity results in demand for final energy in different sectors (transport ([35_transport]), industry ([37_industry]), buildings ([36_buildings])...) and of different type (electric ([32_power]) and non-electric). The primary energy carriers in REMIND include both exhaustible and renewable resources. Exhaustible resources comprise uranium as well as three fossil resources ([31_fossil]), namely coal, oil, and gas. Renewable resources include hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass ([30_biomass]). More than 50 technologies are available for the conversion of primary energy into secondary energy carriers as well as for the distribution of secondary energy carriers into final energy.
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*' The model accounts for the full range of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which are represented by source. REMIND simulates emissions from long-lived GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O), short-lived GHGs (CO, NOx, VOC) and aerosols (SO2, BC, OC). It accounts for these emissions with different levels of detail depending on the types and sources of emissions. It calculates CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, CH4 emissions from fossil fuel extraction and residential energy use, and N2O emissions from energy supply based on sources.
