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bibliography: references.bib
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......@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ Estimates of energy and carbon footprint inequality are increasingly being used
In this study, we have found that, for Europe as a whole, lower-economic groups have higher energy and carbon intensities of consumption (although this is not necessarily true within each European country) [@sommer_carbon_2017 @kerkhof_determinants_2009]. These higher intensities come almost entirely from domestic electricity production and heating/cooling for shelter, in a handful of Central and Eastern European countries. This is already an important focus of European climate policy, but reducing these intensities should be a major priority for investment fund allocation going forward, especially within a framework such as the EU's European Green Deal [@bianco_understanding_2019]. Efforts to break consumer lock-in to these high intensities must be occurring alongside policies that seek to reduce aggregate consumption and intensities higher up in the economic distribution [@royston_invisible_2018]. Bringing intensities of consumption for all economic groups in line with those of higher-economic groups in Europe with access to the cleanest and most efficient available technologies, would substantially reduce the European household energy and carbon footprints, everything else held equal. The unequal intensity structure hinders clear conclusions on footprint inequality. We have shown that in an important sector such as shelter, lower-economic groups have almost the same level of footprint as higher-economic groups despite a fraction of the expenditure, because of their higher intensities. This can then be misleading in terms of assigning responsibility for climate change. Bringing energy and carbon intensities of all economic groups in line with the top group, and thus removing the inequality in intensity structure, would reduce the footprint, all else held equal, but *increase* energy and carbon inequality. The reduction of energy and carbon inequality is not a meaningful goal by itself.
Current consumption inequality, however, is a barrier to achieving both scenario targets *and* providing minimum energy use (and minimum carbon in the short-term) for decent living to every European. At a global level, there is concern that achieving extreme poverty eradication may put global climate targets at risk [@hubacek_poverty_2017 @woodward_incrementum_2015 @alfredsson_why_2020]. In the European context, although less unequal than the globe as a whole, if/as lower-consumption groups increase their income and consumption, energy use and carbon emissions will increase if more efficient and cleaner technology is not adopted at a fast enough rate [@gough_recomposing_2017]. Achieving an average per capita/adult equivalent energy and carbon footprint in Europe, in scenarios that reach the Paris agreement goals, means either doing so at current consumption inequality levels and keeping lower-economic groups near or below minimum energy use levels for decent living, or reducing consumption inequality.
Current consumption inequality, however, is a barrier to achieving both scenario targets *and* providing minimum energy use (and minimum carbon in the short-term) for decent living to every European. At a global level, there is concern that achieving extreme poverty eradication may put global climate targets at risk [@hubacek_poverty_2017 @woodward_incrementum_2015 @alfredsson_why_2018]. In the European context, although less unequal than the globe as a whole, if/as lower-consumption groups increase their income and consumption, energy use and carbon emissions will increase if more efficient and cleaner technology is not adopted at a fast enough rate [@gough_recomposing_2017]. Achieving an average per capita/adult equivalent energy and carbon footprint in Europe, in scenarios that reach the Paris agreement goals, means either doing so at current consumption inequality levels and keeping lower-economic groups near or below minimum energy use levels for decent living, or reducing consumption inequality.
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@article{weber_quantifying_2008,
title = {Quantifying the global and distributional aspects of {American} household carbon footprint},
volume = {66},
issn = {0921-8009},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800907004934},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.09.021},
abstract = {Analysis of household consumption and its environmental impact remains one of the most important topics in sustainability research. Nevertheless, much past and recent work has focused on domestic national averages, neglecting both the growing importance of international trade on household carbon footprint and the variation between households of different income levels and demographics. Using consumer expenditure surveys and multi-country life cycle assessment techniques, this paper analyzes the global and distributional aspects of American household carbon footprint. We find that due to recently increased international trade, 30\% of total US household CO2 impact in 2004 occurred outside the US. Further, households vary considerably in their CO2 responsibilities: at least a factor of ten difference exists between low and high-impact households, with total household income and expenditure being the best predictors of both domestic and international portions of the total CO2 impact. The global location of emissions, which cannot be calculated using standard input–output analysis, and the variation of household impacts with income, have important ramifications for polices designed to lower consumer impacts on climate change, such as carbon taxes. The effectiveness and fairness of such policies hinges on a proper understanding of how income distributions, rebound effects, and international trade affect them.},
number = {2–3},
urldate = {2013-09-16},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Weber, Christopher L. and Matthews, H. Scott},
month = jun,
year = {2008},
keywords = {carbon footprint, CH12, Household consumption, income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {379--391},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QXX87ICB/Weber and Matthews - 2008 - Quantifying the global and distributional aspects .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/HQPQKHZI/S0921800907004934.html:text/html}
}
@book{miller_input-output_1985,
address = {Englewood Cliffs, N.J},
title = {Input-output analysis: foundations and extensions},
isbn = {978-0-13-466715-7},
shorttitle = {Input-output analysis},
publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
author = {Miller, Ronald E. and Blair, Peter D.},
year = {1985},
keywords = {health pnas, Input-output analysis}
}
@article{moran_convergence_2014,
title = {Convergence {Between} the {Eora}, {Wiod}, {Exiobase}, and {Openeu}'s {Consumption}-{Based} {Carbon} {Accounts}},
volume = {26},
issn = {0953-5314},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2014.935298},
doi = {10.1080/09535314.2014.935298},
abstract = {In this paper, we take an overview of several of the biggest independently constructed global multi-regional input–output (MRIO) databases and ask how reliable and consonant these databases are. The key question is whether MRIO accounts are robust enough for setting environmental policies. This paper compares the results of four global MRIOs: Eora, WIOD, EXIOBASE, and the GTAP-based OpenEU databases, and investigates how much each diverges from the multi-model mean. We also use Monte Carlo analysis to conduct sensitivity analysis of the robustness of each accounts’ results and we test to see how much variation in the environmental satellite account, rather than the economic structure itself, causes divergence in results. After harmonising the satellite account, we found that carbon footprint results for most major economies disagree by{\textless}10\% between MRIOs. Confidence estimates are necessary if MRIO methods and consumption-based accounting are to be used in environmental policy-making at the national level.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2018-08-15},
journal = {Economic Systems Research},
author = {Moran, Daniel and Wood, Richard},
month = jul,
year = {2014},
keywords = {CBA, Confidence, Footprint, health pnas, Monte Carlo, MRIO, MRIO Uncertainty, Reliability, Uncertainty},
pages = {245--261},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CQSUGC2P/09535314.2014.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QIBL8PME/09535314.2014.html:text/html}
}
@article{grubler_low_2018,
title = {A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °{C} target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies},
volume = {3},
copyright = {cc\_by\_nc\_4},
issn = {2058-7546},
url = {https://rdcu.be/SOJx},
doi = {Grubler A <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/112.html>, Wilson C <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/333.html>, Bento N <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/2833.html>, Boza-Kiss B <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/2913.html>, Krey V <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/166.html>, McCollum D <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/203.html>, Rao N <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/243.html>, Riahi K <http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/view/iiasa/250.html>, et al. (2018). A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies. Nature Energy 3: 517-525. DOI:10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6 <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6>.},
abstract = {Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5 °C describe major transformations in energy supply and ever-rising energy demand. Here, we provide a contrasting perspective by developing a narrative of future change based on observable trends that results in low energy demand. We describe and quantify changes in activity levels and energy intensity in the global North and global South for all major energy services. We project that global final energy demand by 2050 reduces to 245 EJ, around 40\% lower than today, despite rises in population, income and activity. Using an integrated assessment modelling framework, we show how changes in the quantity and type of energy services drive structural change in intermediate and upstream supply sectors (energy and land use). Down-sizing the global energy system dramatically improves the feasibility of a low-carbon supply-side transformation. Our scenario meets the 1.5 °C climate target as well as many sustainable development goals, without relying on negative emission technologies.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2018-09-03},
journal = {Nature Energy},
author = {Grubler, A. and Wilson, C. and Bento, N. and Boza-Kiss, B. and Krey, V. and McCollum, D. and Rao, N. and Riahi, K. and Rogelj, J. and De Stercke, S. and Cullen, J. and Frank, S. and Fricko, O. and Guo, F. and Gidden, M. and Havlik, P. and Huppmann, D. and Kiesewetter, G. and Rafaj, P. and Schöpp, W. and Valin, H.},
month = jun,
year = {2018},
keywords = {health pnas},
pages = {517--525},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/MBMN93KC/15301.html:text/html}
}
@article{woodward_incrementum_2015,
title = {Incrementum ad {Absurdum}: {Global} {Growth}, {Inequality} and {Poverty} {Eradication} in a {Carbon}-{Constrained} {World}},
volume = {2015},
issn = {2049-3517},
shorttitle = {{\textless}em{\textgreater}{Incrementum} ad {Absurdum}{\textless}/em{\textgreater}},
url = {http://wer.worldeconomicsassociation.org/papers/incrementum-ad-absurdum-global-growth-inequality-and-poverty-eradication-in-a-carbon-constrained-world/},
abstract = {World Social and Economic Review},
language = {en},
number = {No 4, 2015},
urldate = {2019-03-05},
journal = {World Social and Economic Review},
author = {Woodward, David},
month = feb,
year = {2015},
keywords = {ingram\_paper, zk},
pages = {43},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VCQCGL8E/Woodward - 2015 - emIncrementum ad Absurdumem Global Growth, I.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AWBKUZVL/incrementum-ad-absurdum-global-growth-inequality-and-poverty-eradication-in-a-carbon-constraine.html:text/html}
}
@article{creutzig_towards_2018,
title = {Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating climate change},
volume = {8},
issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0121-1},
doi = {10.1038/s41558-018-0121-1},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2018-10-02},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
author = {Creutzig, Felix and Roy, Joyashree and Lamb, William F. and Azevedo, Inês M. L. and Bruine de Bruin, Wändi and Dalkmann, Holger and Edelenbosch, Oreane Y. and Geels, Frank W. and Grubler, Arnulf and Hepburn, Cameron and Hertwich, Edgar G. and Khosla, Radhika and Mattauch, Linus and Minx, Jan C. and Ramakrishnan, Anjali and Rao, Narasimha D. and Steinberger, Julia K. and Tavoni, Massimo and Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana and Weber, Elke U.},
month = apr,
year = {2018},
pages = {260--263},
file = {Creutzig et al. - 2018 - Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating clima.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7EJCPA2A/Creutzig et al. - 2018 - Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating clima.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{royston_invisible_2018,
title = {Invisible energy policies: {A} new agenda for energy demand reduction},
volume = {123},
issn = {03014215},
shorttitle = {Invisible energy policies},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421518305810},
doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.052},
abstract = {This article makes the case for a new and ambitious research and governance agenda for energy demand reduction. It argues that existing ‘demand-side’ approaches focused on promoting technological efficiency and informed individual consumption are unlikely to be adequate to achieving future carbon emissions reduction goals; it points out that very little attention has so far been paid to the impacts of non-energy policies on energy demand; and it submits that a much fuller integration of energy demand questions into policy is required. It advances a general framework, supported by illustrative examples, for understanding the impacts of ‘non-energy’ policies on energy demand. It reflects on why these connections have been so little explored and addressed within energy research and policy. And it argues that, for all their current ‘invisibility’, there is nonetheless scope for increasing the visibility of, and in effect ‘mainstreaming’, energy demand reduction objectives within other policy areas. Researchers and policymakers, we contend, need to develop better understandings of how energy demand might be made governable, and how non-energy policies might be revised, alone and in combination, to help steer long-term changes in energy demand.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2019-01-31},
journal = {Energy Policy},
author = {Royston, Sarah and Selby, Jan and Shove, Elizabeth},
month = dec,
year = {2018},
pages = {127--135},
file = {Royston et al. - 2018 - Invisible energy policies A new agenda for energy.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4V5T5WPH/Royston et al. - 2018 - Invisible energy policies A new agenda for energy.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{piketty_carbon_2015,
title = {Carbon and inequality: from {Kyoto} to {Paris}},
shorttitle = {Carbon and inequality},
journal = {Paris Sch Econ (www. parisschoolofeconomics. eu/en/news/carbon-and-inequality-from-kyoto-to-parischancel-piketty/)},
author = {Piketty, Thomas and Chancel, Lucas},
year = {2015},
keywords = {blog\_ineq, income-stratified-footprints, paper\_inequality, zk},
file = {Full Text:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RZLX7FPR/Piketty and Chancel - 2015 - Carbon and inequality from Kyoto to Paris.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{hubacek_global_2017,
title = {Global carbon inequality},
volume = {2},
issn = {2363-8338},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-017-0072-9},
doi = {10.1007/s40974-017-0072-9},
abstract = {Global climate change and inequality are inescapably linked both in terms of who contributes climate change and who suffers the consequences. This fact is also partly reflected in two United Nations (UN) processes: on the one hand, the Paris Agreement of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change under which countries agreed to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and, on the other hand, the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals aiming to end poverty. These agreements are seen as important foundation to put the world nations on a sustainable pathway. However, how these agreements can be achieved or whether they are even mutually compatible is less clear. We explore the global carbon inequality between and within countries and the carbon implications of poverty alleviation by combining detailed consumer expenditure surveys for different income categories for a wide range of countries with an environmentally extended multi-regional input–output approach to estimate carbon footprints of different household groups, globally, and assess the carbon implications of moving the poorest people out of poverty. Given the current context, increasing income leads to increasing carbon footprints and makes global targets for mitigating greenhouse gases more difficult to achieve given the pace of technological progress and current levels of fossil fuel dependence. We conclude that the huge level of carbon inequality requires a critical discussion of undifferentiated income growth. Current carbon-intensive lifestyles and consumption patterns need to enter the climate discourse to a larger extent.},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2019-07-16},
journal = {Energy, Ecology and Environment},
author = {Hubacek, Klaus and Baiocchi, Giovanni and Feng, Kuishuang and Muñoz Castillo, Raúl and Sun, Laixiang and Xue, Jinjun},
month = dec,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Climate change, Consumption patterns, Greenhouse gases, income-stratified-footprints, Input–output analysis, Lifestyles, Mitigation, paper\_inequality, Poverty, zk},
pages = {361--369},
file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/JFL54LHB/Hubacek et al. - 2017 - Global carbon inequality.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{gore_extreme_2015,
title = {Extreme {Carbon} {Inequality}: {Why} the {Paris} climate deal must put the poorest, lowest emitting and most vulnerable people first},
shorttitle = {Extreme {Carbon} {Inequality}},
author = {Gore, Timothy},
year = {2015},
keywords = {income-stratified-footprints, paper\_inequality, zk},
file = {Gore - 2015 - Extreme Carbon Inequality Why the Paris climate d.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IS88YUPI/Gore - 2015 - Extreme Carbon Inequality Why the Paris climate d.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4L26QH4U/582545.html:text/html}
}
@article{berthe_mechanisms_2015,
title = {Mechanisms explaining the impact of economic inequality on environmental deterioration},
volume = {116},
issn = {09218009},
url = {http://journals.scholarsportal.info/detailsundefined},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.04.026},
abstract = {Abstract Rising economic inequality, often considered intrinsically harmful, is increasingly being viewed as having a number of secondary impacts as well, including impacts on health and economic growth. The ongoing nature of today's environmental crisis also raises questions about inequality's role in environmental deterioration. Despite the large number of papers that have been written on this topic, no theoretical or empirical consensus presently exists. Firstly, our article identifies that authors' conclusions in this area depend on their hypotheses regarding 1) the relationship between individual income and individual environmental pressure, 2) the impact of inequality on the social norms that influence individual environmental pressure, 3) the interests that social groups have in degrading or protecting the environment, 4) how these interests play out in terms of political demands, and 5) how these political demands translate into political decisions. Secondly, the study shows that, despite enabling a general test of the causal relationship between inequality and the environment, the empirical methods utilised do not account for the full range of theoretical mechanisms in play. Hence the suggestion that a research programme be launched to conduct empirical studies of the five aforementioned hypotheses by applying a recursive approach. Highlights • The paper compares theories analysing the effect of inequality in the environment. • Our framework identifies the mechanisms at work in these theories. • In the empirical literature, inequality is found to negatively affect biodiversity and environmental policy. • Current empirical methods do not account for the variety of theoretical mechanisms. • An investigatory strategy is proposed to overcome this limitation.},
number = {Complete},
urldate = {2019-12-18},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Berthe, Alexandre and Elie, Luc},
year = {2015},
keywords = {Economic inequality, Environmental policies, Environmental pressures, income-stratified-footprints, ineq-enviro-statistical-analysis},
pages = {191--200}
}
@article{scruggs_political_1998,
title = {Political and economic inequality and the environment},
volume = {26},
issn = {0921-8009},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecolec/v_3a26_3ay_3a1998_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a259-275.htm},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-01-15},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Scruggs, Lyle},
year = {1998},
note = {tex.ids: scruggsPoliticalEconomicInequality1998a},
keywords = {income-stratified-footprints},
pages = {259--275},
file = {RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/UVWX2K9A/v_3a26_3ay_3a1998_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a259-275.html:text/html;RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CA6Z8PXK/v_3a26_3ay_3a1998_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a259-275.html:text/html}
}
@article{oswald_large_2020,
title = {Large inequality in international and intranational energy footprints between income groups and across consumption categories},
volume = {5},
copyright = {2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
issn = {2058-7546},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0579-8},
doi = {10.1038/s41560-020-0579-8},
abstract = {Detailed measures of energy use inequality globally and within countries are essential to ensure a just energy transition. Estimating embedded energy in goods and services used by different income groups, Oswald et al. measure the large inequality in energy use in 86 countries, and internationally.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-04-01},
journal = {Nature Energy},
author = {Oswald, Yannick and Owen, Anne and Steinberger, Julia K.},
month = mar,
year = {2020},
pages = {231--239},
file = {Oswald_et_al_2020.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/XUJV43DV/Oswald_et_al_2020.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/LPQGH3YB/s41560-020-0579-8.html:text/html}
}
@article{hubacek_poverty_2017,
title = {Poverty eradication in a carbon constrained world},
volume = {8},
copyright = {2017 The Author(s)},
issn = {2041-1723},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00919-4},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-017-00919-4},
abstract = {The consequences of poverty eradication on limiting warming to 2 °C are not fully clear. Here, Hubacek et al. find that while ending extreme poverty does not jeopardize the climate target, moving everybody to a modest expenditure level increases required mitigation rate by 27\%},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-04-23},
journal = {Nature Communications},
author = {Hubacek, Klaus and Baiocchi, Giovanni and Feng, Kuishuang and Patwardhan, Anand},
month = oct,
year = {2017},
note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
keywords = {ingram\_paper},
pages = {1--9},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/SMNK7DK2/Hubacek et al. - 2017 - Poverty eradication in a carbon constrained world.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/I4SHXRCH/s41467-017-00919-4.html:text/html}
}
@article{stadler_exiobase_2018,
title = {{EXIOBASE} 3: {Developing} a {Time} {Series} of {Detailed} {Environmentally} {Extended} {Multi}-{Regional} {Input}-{Output} {Tables}},
volume = {22},
copyright = {© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Industrial Ecology, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of Yale University.},
issn = {1530-9290},
shorttitle = {{EXIOBASE} 3},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12715},
doi = {10.1111/jiec.12715},
abstract = {Environmentally extended multiregional input-output (EE MRIO) tables have emerged as a key framework to provide a comprehensive description of the global economy and analyze its effects on the environment. Of the available EE MRIO databases, EXIOBASE stands out as a database compatible with the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) with a high sectorial detail matched with multiple social and environmental satellite accounts. In this paper, we present the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3—a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply-use tables (SUTs) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. In order to capture structural changes, economic developments, as reported by national statistical agencies, were imposed on the available, disaggregated SUTs from EXIOBASE 2. These initial estimates were further refined by incorporating detailed data on energy, agricultural production, resource extraction, and bilateral trade. EXIOBASE 3 inherits the high level of environmental stressor detail from its precursor, with further improvement in the level of detail for resource extraction. To account for the expansion of the European Union (EU), EXIOBASE 3 was developed with the full EU28 country set (including the new member state Croatia). EXIOBASE 3 provides a unique tool for analyzing the dynamics of environmental pressures of economic activities over time.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-05-19},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
author = {Stadler, Konstantin and Wood, Richard and Bulavskaya, Tatyana and Södersten, Carl-Johan and Simas, Moana and Schmidt, Sarah and Usubiaga, Arkaitz and Acosta‐Fernández, José and Kuenen, Jeroen and Bruckner, Martin and Giljum, Stefan and Lutter, Stephan and Merciai, Stefano and Schmidt, Jannick H. and Theurl, Michaela C. and Plutzar, Christoph and Kastner, Thomas and Eisenmenger, Nina and Erb, Karl-Heinz and Koning, Arjan de and Tukker, Arnold},
year = {2018},
keywords = {Consumption-based accounting, EE MRIO analysis, environmental-economic accounting, EXIOBASE, footprints, industrial ecology},
pages = {502--515},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QKIJAUCW/jiec.html:text/html}
}
@article{ivanova_quantifying_2020,
title = {Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options},
issn = {1748-9326},
url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589},
abstract = {Around two-thirds of global GHG emissions are directly and indirectly linked to household consumption, with a global average of about 6 tCO2eq/cap. Changes in consumption patterns to low-carbon alternatives therefore present a great and urgently required potential for emission reductions. In this paper, we synthesize emission mitigation potentials across the consumption domains of food, housing, transport and other consumption. We systematically screened 6,990 records in the Web of Science Core Collections and Scopus. Searches were restricted to 1) reviews of lifecycle assessment studies and 2) multiregional input-output studies of household consumption, published after 2011 in English. We selected against pre-determined eligibility criteria and quantitatively synthesized findings from 53 studies in a meta-review. We identified 771 original options, which we summarized and presented in 61 consumption options with a positive mitigation potential. We used a fixed-effects model to explore the role of contextual factors (geographical, technical and socio-demographic factors) for the outcome variable (mitigation potential per capita) within consumption options. We establish consumption options with a high mitigation potential measured in tons of CO2eq/capita/yr. For transport, the options with the highest mitigation potential include living car-free, shifting to a battery electric vehicle, and reducing flying by a long return flight with a median reduction potential of more than 1.7 tCO2eq/cap. In the context of food, the highest carbon savings come from dietary changes, particularly an adoption of vegan diet with an average and median mitigation potential of 0.9 and 0.8 tCO2eq/cap, respectively. Shifting to renewable electricity and refurbishment and renovation are the options with the highest mitigation potential in the housing domain, with medians at 1.6 and 0.9 tCO2eq/cap, respectively. We find that the top 10 consumption options together yield an average mitigation potential of 9.2 tCO2eq/cap, indicating substantial contributions towards achieving the 1.5-2°C target, particularly in high-income context.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-06-30},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
author = {Ivanova, Diana and Barrett, John and Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Macura, Biljana and Callaghan, Max W. and Creutzig, Felix},
year = {2020},
file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/PXUWWGFB/Ivanova et al. - 2020 - Quantifying the potential for climate change mitig.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@misc{european_commission_communication_2019,
type = {Text},
title = {Communication on {The} {European} {Green} {Deal}},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/communication-european-green-deal_en},
abstract = {Communication and Annex on the European Green Deal},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-07-06},
journal = {European Commission - European Commission},
author = {{European Commission}},
year = {2019},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CULQG3DN/communication-european-green-deal_en.html:text/html}
}
@article{wiedenhofer_unequal_2017,
title = {Unequal household carbon footprints in {China}},
volume = {7},
issn = {1758-678X},
url = {https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20161027-112645545},
abstract = {Households’ carbon footprints are unequally distributed among the rich and poor due to differences in the scale and patterns of consumption. We present distributional focused carbon footprints for Chinese households and use a carbon-footprint-Gini coefficient to quantify inequalities. We find that in 2012 the urban very rich, comprising 5\% of population, induced 19\% of the total carbon footprint from household consumption in China, with 6.4 tCO\_2/cap. The average Chinese household footprint remains comparatively low (1.7 tCO\_2/cap), while those of the rural population and urban poor, comprising 58\% of population, are 0.5–1.6 tCO\_2/cap. Between 2007 and 2012 the total footprint from households increased by 19\%, with 75\% of the increase due to growing consumption of the urban middle class and the rich. This suggests that a transformation of Chinese lifestyles away from the current trajectory of carbon-intensive consumption patterns requires policy interventions to improve living standards and encourage sustainable consumption.},
urldate = {2020-07-07},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
author = {Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Guan, Dabo and Liu, Zhu and Meng, Jing and Zhang, Ning and Wei, Yi-Ming},
month = jan,
year = {2017},
pages = {75--80},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/BEVNY3LW/Wiedenhofer et al. - 2017 - Unequal household carbon footprints in China.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/QA5USXS7/71542.html:text/html}
}
@article{ivanova_environmental_2016,
title = {Environmental {Impact} {Assessment} of {Household} {Consumption}},
volume = {20},
copyright = {© 2015 by Yale University},
issn = {1530-9290},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12371},
doi = {10.1111/jiec.12371},
abstract = {We analyze the environmental impact of household consumption in terms of the material, water, and land-use requirements, as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, associated with the production and use of products and services consumed by these households. Using the new EXIOBASE 2.2 multiregional input-output database, which describes the world economy at the detail of 43 countries, five rest-of-the-world regions, and 200 product sectors, we are able to trace the origin of the products consumed by households and represent global supply chains for 2007. We highlight the importance of environmental pressure arising from households with their consumption contributing to more than 60\% of global GHG emissions and between 50\% and 80\% of total land, material, and water use. The footprints are unevenly distributed across regions, with wealthier countries generating the most significant impacts per capita. Elasticities suggest a robust and significant relationship between households’ expenditure and their environmental impacts, driven by a rising demand of nonprimary consumption items. Mobility, shelter, and food are the most important consumption categories across the environmental footprints. Globally, food accounts for 48\% and 70\% of household impacts on land and water resources, respectively, with consumption of meat, dairy, and processed food rising fast with income. Shelter and mobility stand out with high carbon and material intensity, whereas the significance of services for footprints relates to the large amount of household expenditure associated with them.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-07-07},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
author = {Ivanova, Diana and Stadler, Konstantin and Steen‐Olsen, Kjartan and Wood, Richard and Vita, Gibran and Tukker, Arnold and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
year = {2016},
note = {tex.ids: ivanovaEnvironmentalImpactAssessment2016},
keywords = {environmentally extended multiregional input-output (EE-MRIO) analysis, expenditure elasticity, footprint analysis, household environmental impacts, income-stratified-footprints, industrial ecology, regression analysis, Regression Analysis},
pages = {526--536},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/S97I8MXN/Ivanova et al. - 2016 - Environmental Impact Assessment of Household Consu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/6DFCN6KT/abstract.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/29IQXTBF/jiec.html:text/html}
}
@article{ivanova_unequal_2020,
title = {The unequal distribution of household carbon footprints in {Europe} and its link to sustainability},
volume = {3},
issn = {2059-4798},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-sustainability/article/unequal-distribution-of-household-carbon-footprints-in-europe-and-its-link-to-sustainability/F1ED4F705AF1C6C1FCAD477398353DC2},
doi = {10.1017/sus.2020.12},
abstract = {The distribution of household carbon footprints is largely unequal within and across countries. Here, we explore household-level consumption data to illustrate the distribution of carbon footprints and consumption within 26 European Union countries, regions and social groups. The analysis further sheds light on the relationships between carbon footprints and socially desirable outcomes such as income, equality, education, nutrition, sanitation, employment and adequate living conditions.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-07-07},
journal = {Global Sustainability},
author = {Ivanova, Diana and Wood, Richard},
year = {2020},
keywords = {adaptation and mitigation, ecology and biodiversity, energy, human behaviour, policies, politics and governance},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7SYMSXQP/Ivanova and Wood - 2020 - The unequal distribution of household carbon footp.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/8VXJSWU4/F1ED4F705AF1C6C1FCAD477398353DC2.html:text/html}
}
@article{alfredsson_why_2018,
title = {Why achieving the {Paris} {Agreement} requires reduced overall consumption and production},
volume = {14},
issn = {null},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2018.1458815},
doi = {10.1080/15487733.2018.1458815},
abstract = {Technological solutions to the challenge of dangerous climate change are urgent and necessary but to be effective they need to be accompanied by reductions in the total level of consumption and production of goods and services. This is for three reasons. First, private consumption and its associated production are among the key drivers of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, especially among highly emitting industrialized economies. There is no evidence that decoupling of the economy from GHG emissions is possible at the scale and speed needed. Second, investments in more sustainable infrastructure, including renewable energy, needed in coming decades will require extensive amounts of energy, largely from fossil sources, which will use up a significant share of the two-degree carbon budget. Third, improving the standard of living of the world’s poor will consume a major portion of the available carbon allowance. The scholarly community has a responsibility to put the issue of consumption and the associated production on the research and policy agenda.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy},
author = {Alfredsson, Eva and Bengtsson, Magnus and Brown, Halina Szejnwald and Isenhour, Cindy and Lorek, Sylvia and Stevis, Dimitris and Vergragt, Philip},
month = jan,
year = {2018},
keywords = {Paris Agreement, climate change, Agenda 2030, Sustainable consumption and production, sustainable investments},
pages = {1--5},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/Z4FHAM2I/Alfredsson et al. - 2018 - Why achieving the Paris Agreement requires reduced.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/Y9D28A56/15487733.2018.html:text/html}
}
@article{gough_recomposing_2017,
title = {Recomposing consumption: defining necessities for sustainable and equitable well-being},
volume = {375},
shorttitle = {Recomposing consumption},
url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2016.0379},
doi = {10.1098/rsta.2016.0379},
abstract = {This paper focuses on consumption in the affluent world and the resulting level, composition and distribution of consumption-based emissions. It argues that public policy should foster the recomposition of consumption, while not disadvantaging poorer groups in the population. To combine these two imperatives entails making a distinction between goods and services that are necessary for a basic level of well-being, and those that are surplus to this requirement. The argument proceeds in six stages. First, the paper outlines a theory of universal need, as an alternative conception of well-being to consumer preference satisfaction. Second, it proposes a dual strategy methodology for identifying need satisfiers or necessities in a given social context. Then, it applies this methodology to identify a minimum bundle of necessary consumption items in the UK and speculates how it might be used to identify a maximum bundle for sustainable consumption. The next part looks at corporate barriers and structural obstacles in the path of sustainable consumption. The following part reveals a further problem: mitigation policies can result in perverse distributional outcomes when operating in contexts of great inequality. The final section suggests four ecosocial public policies that would simultaneously advance sustainable and equitable consumption in rich nations.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’.},
number = {2095},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
author = {Gough, Ian},
month = jun,
year = {2017},
pages = {20160379},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/BDQPZQ9Z/Gough - 2017 - Recomposing consumption defining necessities for .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RGNMFYF8/rsta.2016.html:text/html}
}
@article{kerkhof_determinants_2009,
title = {Determinants of variation in household {CO}2 emissions between and within countries},
volume = {37},
issn = {0301-4215},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeenepol/v_3a37_3ay_3a2009_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a1509-1517.htm},
abstract = {Variation in household CO2 emissions between and within countries may have important consequences for the equity dimension of climate policies. In this study we aim to identify some determinants of national household CO2 emissions and their distribution across income groups. For that purpose, we quantify the CO2 emissions of households in the Netherlands, UK, Sweden and Norway around the year 2000 by combining a hybrid approach of process analysis and input-output analysis with data on household expenditures. Our results show that average households in the Netherlands and the UK give rise to higher amounts of CO2 emissions than households in Sweden and Norway. Moreover, CO2 emission intensities of household consumption decrease with increasing income in the Netherlands and the UK, whereas they increase in Sweden and Norway. A comparison of the national results at the product level points out that country characteristics, like energy supply, population density and the availability of district heating, influence variation in household CO2 emissions between and within countries.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2020-07-13},
journal = {Energy Policy},
author = {Kerkhof, Annemarie C. and Benders, Ren M. J. and Moll, Henri C.},
year = {2009},
keywords = {Hybrid analysis Household consumption CO2 emissions},
pages = {1509--1517},
file = {2009_-_Annemarie_C_Kerkhof_-_DeterminantsofvariationinhouseholdCO2emissionsbetw[retrieved 2020-10-15].pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/HVXGG2TW/2009_-_Annemarie_C_Kerkhof_-_DeterminantsofvariationinhouseholdCO2emissionsbetw[retrieved 2020-10-15].pdf:application/pdf;RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/HVCIVJPH/v_3a37_3ay_3a2009_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a1509-1517.html:text/html}
}
@article{hardadi_implications_2020,
title = {Implications of the distribution of {German} household environmental footprints across income groups for integrating environmental and social policy design},
volume = {n/a},
copyright = {© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Industrial Ecology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Yale University},
issn = {1530-9290},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.13045},
doi = {10.1111/jiec.13045},
abstract = {The distribution of German household environmental footprints (EnvFs) across income groups is analyzed by using EXIOBASE v3.6 and the consumer expenditure survey of 2013. Expenditure underreporting is corrected by using a novel method, where the expenditures are modeled as truncated normal distribution. The focus lies on carbon (CF) and material (MF) footprints, which for average German households are 9.1 ± 0.4 metric tons CO2e and 10.9 ± 0.6 metric tons material per capita. Although the lowest-income group has the lowest share of transportation in EnvFs, at 10.4\% (CF) and 3.9\% (MF), it has the highest share of electricity and utilities in EnvFs, at 39.4\% (CF) and 16.7\% (MF). In contrast, the highest-income group has the highest share of transportation in EnvFs, at 20.3\% (CF) and 12.4\% (MF). The highest-income group has a higher share of emissions produced overseas (38.6\% vs. 34.3\%) and imported resource use (69.9\% vs. 66.4\%) compared to the average households. When substituting 50\% of imported goods with domestic ones in a counterfactual scenario, this group only decreases its CF by 2.8\% and MF by 5.3\%. Although incomes in Germany are distributed more equally (Gini index 0.28), the German household CF is distributed less equally (0.16). A uniform carbon tax across all sectors would be regressive (Suits index −0.13). Hence, a revenue recycling scheme is necessary to alleviate the burden on low-income households. The overall carbon intensity shows an inverted-U trend due to the increasing consumption of carbon-intensive heating for lower-income groups, indicating a possible rebound effect for these groups. This article met the requirements for a gold – gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.},
language = {en},
number = {n/a},
urldate = {2020-07-29},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
author = {Hardadi, Gilang and Buchholz, Alexander and Pauliuk, Stefan},
year = {2020},
keywords = {carbon footprint, carbon tax, industrial ecology, inequality, input–output analysis (IOA), uncertainty},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CFTBJ749/Hardadi et al. - Implications of the distribution of German househo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/9J5PQJCC/jiec.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{eurostat_manual_2015,
title = {Manual for air emission accounts},
author = {{Eurostat}},
year = {2015}
}
@misc{european_commission_european_2020,
type = {Text},
title = {The {European} {Green} {Deal} {Investment} {Plan} and {JTM} explained},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_24},
abstract = {The European Green Deal Investment Plan and Just Transition Mechanism explained},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-08-07},
journal = {European Commission - European Commission},
author = {{European Commission}},
year = {2020},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AHY3EF7K/qanda_20_24.html:text/html}
}
@misc{eurostat_eurostat_2020,
title = {Eurostat - {Data} {Explorer} - {Energy} supply and use by {NACE} {Rev}. 2 activity},
url = {http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=env_ac_pefasu},
urldate = {2020-08-11},
author = {{Eurostat}},
year = {2020},
file = {Eurostat - Data Explorer:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/A7WSC3KT/submitViewTableAction.html:text/html}
}
@article{werner_international_2017,
title = {International review of district heating and cooling},
volume = {137},
issn = {0360-5442},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054421730614X},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.045},
abstract = {The purpose with this review is to provide a presentation of the background for the current position for district heating and cooling in the world, with some deeper insights into European conditions. The review structure considers the market, technical, supply, environmental, institutional, and future contexts. The main global conclusions are low utilisation of district heating in buildings, varying implementation rates with respect to countries, moderate commitment to the fundamental idea of district heating, low recognition of possible carbon dioxide emission reductions, and low awareness in general of the district heating and cooling benefits. The cold deliveries from district cooling systems are much smaller than heat deliveries from district heating systems. The European situation can be characterised by higher commitment to the fundamental idea of district heating, lower specific carbon dioxide emissions, and higher awareness of the district heating and cooling benefits. The conclusions obtained from the six contexts analysed show that district heating and cooling systems have strong potentials to be viable heat and cold supply options in a future world. However, more efforts are required for identification, assessment, and implementation of these potentials in order to harvest the global benefits with district heating and cooling.},
urldate = {2020-08-11},
journal = {Energy},
author = {Werner, Sven},
month = oct,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Carbon dioxide emissions, District cooling, District heating, Energy efficiency, Heat recycling},
pages = {617--631},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IC8JXV4T/Werner - 2017 - International review of district heating and cooli.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/9ZSBMBAG/S036054421730614X.html:text/html}
}
@article{sommer_carbon_2017,
title = {The {Carbon} {Footprint} of {European} {Households} and {Income} {Distribution}},
volume = {136},
issn = {0921-8009},
url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeeecolec/v_3a136_3ay_3a2017_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a62-72.htm},
abstract = {This paper calculates the carbon footprint of private consumption in the EU27 by five groups of household income, using a fully fledged macroeconomic input-output model covering 59 industries and five groups of household income for the EU27. Due to macroeconomic feedback mechanisms, this methodology – besides induced intermediate demand – also quantifies: (i) private consumption induced in the other household groups, (ii) impacts on other endogenous final demand components, and (iii) negative feedback effects due to output price effects of household demand. The carbon footprint is calculated separately for the consumption vector of each of the five income groups. The simulation results yield a non-linear income elasticity of direct and indirect emissions at each income level: the value of the direct footprint income elasticity decreases from 1.32 (first quintile) to 0.69 (fourth quintile). The value of the indirect footprint income elasticity is always below unity and decreases from 0.89 to 0.62. The results in general reveal a relative decoupling effect: the share of the top income group in income (45\%) is much larger than its share in the carbon footprint (37\%) and vice versa for the bottom income group (6\% in income and 8\% in footprint).},
number = {C},
urldate = {2020-08-12},
journal = {Ecological Economics},
author = {Sommer, Mark and Kratena, Kurt},
year = {2017},
keywords = {Carbon footprint, CGE modeling, Income distribution},
pages = {62--72},
file = {2017_-_Mark_Sommer_-_TheCarbonFootprintofEuropeanHouseholdsandIncomeDis[retrieved 2020-08-12].pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VAJWALM9/2017_-_Mark_Sommer_-_TheCarbonFootprintofEuropeanHouseholdsandIncomeDis[retrieved 2020-08-12].pdf:application/pdf;RePEc Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RNFM8CRH/v_3a136_3ay_3a2017_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a62-72.html:text/html}
}
@article{steenolsen_carbon_2016,
title = {The {Carbon} {Footprint} of {Norwegian} {Household} {Consumption} 1999–2012},
volume = {20},
copyright = {© 2016 by Yale University},
issn = {1530-9290},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12405},
doi = {10.1111/jiec.12405},
abstract = {Environmentally extended input-output analysis is the prevailing method for national environmental footprint accounting; however, its practical usefulness for consumers and policy makers suffers from lack of detail. Several extensive global multiregional input-output (MRIO) databases have recently been released. A standard framework for linking such databases with the highly detailed household expenditure surveys that are conducted regularly by national statistics offices has the potential of providing analysts in countries worldwide with a powerful tool for in-depth analyses of their national environmental footprints. In this article, we combine the Norwegian consumer expenditure survey with a global MRIO database to assess the carbon footprint (CF) of Norwegian household consumption in 2012, as well as its annual development since 1999. We offer a didactic account of the practical challenges associated with the combination of these types of data sets and the approach taken here to address these, and we discuss what barriers still remain before such analyses can be practically conducted and provide reliable results. We find a CF of 22.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per household in 2012, a 26\% increase since 1999. Transport, housing, and food were the expenditures contributing the most toward the total footprint. CF per unit of expenditure increased with overall expenditure levels (elasticity: 1.14), notably owing to the correlation between overall household expenditure and transport activities (elasticity: 1.48). Household energy use, which is generally inelastic, is, in Norway, largely based on hydropower and hence contributes comparatively little to the overall expenditure elasticity of household CF.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2020-08-28},
journal = {Journal of Industrial Ecology},
author = {Steen‐Olsen, Kjartan and Wood, Richard and Hertwich, Edgar G.},
year = {2016},
keywords = {carbon footprint, consumer expenditure surveys, household consumption, industrial ecology, input-output analysis (IOA), Norway},
pages = {582--592},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IBTCG7BU/jiec.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{eurostat_eu_2020,
title = {{EU} {Quality} {Report} of the {Household} {Budget} {Survey} 2015 {Wave}},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/54431/1966394/HBS_EU_QualityReport_2015.pdf/72d7e310-c415-7806-93cc-e3bc7a49b596},
author = {{Eurostat}},
year = {2020}
}
@techreport{eurostat_description_2016,
title = {Description of the data transmission for the {Household} {Budget} {Survey} ({HBS}) for the {Reference} {Year} 2015 {Version}: 3},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/54431/1966394/HBS2015_Transmission_DOC_V3.2018_05_22.pdf},
author = {{Eurostat}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{kartha_carbon_2020,
title = {The {Carbon} {Inequality} {Era}},
url = {https://www.sei.org/publications/the-carbon-inequality-era/},
abstract = {An assessment of the global distribution of consumption emissions among individuals from 1990 to 2015 and beyond.},
language = {en-GB},
urldate = {2020-09-28},
author = {Kartha, Sivan and Kemp-Benedict, Eric and Ghosh, Emily and Nazareth, Anisha},
month = sep,
year = {2020},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/DVZDLGVY/Kartha et al. - 2020 - The Carbon Inequality Era.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/CXFNYAE7/the-carbon-inequality-era.html:text/html}
}
@article{golley_income_2012,
title = {Income inequality and carbon dioxide emissions: {The} case of {Chinese} urban households},
volume = {34},
issn = {0140-9883},
shorttitle = {Income inequality and carbon dioxide emissions},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988312001697},
doi = {10.1016/j.eneco.2012.07.025},
abstract = {This paper draws on Chinese survey data to investigate variations in carbon dioxide emissions across households with different income levels. Rich households generate more emissions per capita than poor households via both their direct energy consumption and their higher expenditure on goods and services that use energy as an intermediate input. An econometric analysis confirms a positive relationship between emissions and income and establishes a slightly increasing marginal propensity to emit (MPE) over the relevant income range. The redistribution of income from rich to poor households is therefore shown to reduce aggregate household emissions, suggesting that the twin pursuits of reducing inequality and emissions can be achieved in tandem.},
language = {en},
number = {6},
urldate = {2020-09-30},
journal = {Energy Economics},
author = {Golley, Jane and Meng, Xin},
month = nov,
year = {2012},
keywords = {Carbon dioxide emissions, Household consumption, Income inequality, ingram\_paper, Urban China},
pages = {1864--1872},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/8GLJDD8E/S0140988312001697.html:text/html}
}
@article{bianco_understanding_2019,
title = {Understanding energy consumption and carbon emissions in {Europe}: {A} focus on inequality issues},
volume = {170},
issn = {0360-5442},
shorttitle = {Understanding energy consumption and carbon emissions in {Europe}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544218324927},
doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.120},
abstract = {The present research proposes an analysis on the inequality of the consumption of electricity, different typologies of primary energy, namely natural gas, coal and oil, and carbon emissions in the period 2008–2016 within European Union. A decomposition in within and between country groups on the basis of their GDP per capita is also developed, in order to identify the main contributions to the inequality. Furthermore, carbon emissions are also decomposed according to the Kaya identity with the aim to assess which are the main sources of inequality. The analysis shows that the principal source of inequality is represented by the differences in GDP, especially for the energy consumption; whereas carbon emissions evidence a stable level of inequality during the period of analysis.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-09-28},
journal = {Energy},
author = {Bianco, Vincenzo and Cascetta, Furio and Marino, Alfonso and Nardini, Sergio},
month = mar,
year = {2019},
keywords = {Carbon emissions, Energy consumption, Inequality, ingram\_paper, Kaya identity, Theil index},
pages = {120--130},
file = {Bianco et al. - 2019 - Understanding energy consumption and carbon emissi.pdf:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7S288FHH/Bianco et al. - 2019 - Understanding energy consumption and carbon emissi.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/IC3NYGVP/S0360544218324927.html:text/html}
}
@article{millward-hopkins_providing_2020,
title = {Providing decent living with minimum energy: {A} global scenario},
volume = {65},
issn = {0959-3780},
shorttitle = {Providing decent living with minimum energy},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378020307512},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168},
abstract = {It is increasingly clear that averting ecological breakdown will require drastic changes to contemporary human society and the global economy embedded within it. On the other hand, the basic material needs of billions of people across the planet remain unmet. Here, we develop a simple, bottom-up model to estimate a practical minimal threshold for the final energy consumption required to provide decent material livings to the entire global population. We find that global final energy consumption in 2050 could be reduced to the levels of the 1960s, despite a population three times larger. However, such a world requires a massive rollout of advanced technologies across all sectors, as well as radical demand-side changes to reduce consumption – regardless of income – to levels of sufficiency. Sufficiency is, however, far more materially generous in our model than what those opposed to strong reductions in consumption often assume.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2020-10-09},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
author = {Millward-Hopkins, Joel and Steinberger, Julia K. and Rao, Narasimha D. and Oswald, Yannick},
month = nov,
year = {2020},
keywords = {Basic needs, Climate change, Demand, Energy, Inequality, ingram\_paper, Sufficiency},
pages = {102168},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/APCAISLN/Millward-Hopkins et al. - 2020 - Providing decent living with minimum energy A glo.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AMX52A6R/S0959378020307512.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{akenji_1.5-degree_2019,
title = {1.5-{Degree} {Lifestyles}: {Targets} and options for reducing lifestyle carbon footprints},
shorttitle = {1.5-{Degree} {Lifestyles}},
url = {https://www.iges.or.jp/en/pub/15-degrees-lifestyles-2019/en},
abstract = {This report demonstrates that changes in consumption patterns and dominant lifestyles are a critical and integral part of the solutions package to addressing climate change. The report fills a gap in the existing research by establishing global ta...},
language = {English},
urldate = {2020-10-13},
institution = {Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Aalto University, and D-mat ltd.},
author = {Akenji, Lewis and Lettenmeier, Michael and Koide, Ryu and Toivio, Viivi and Amellina, Aryanie},
year = {2019},
file = {Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/TGWLJC9H/Akenji et al. - 2019 - 1.5-Degree Lifestyles Targets and options for red.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4HCU79RD/en.html:text/html}
}
@misc{stadler_exiobase_2019,
title = {{EXIOBASE} 3},
url = {https://zenodo.org/record/3583071#.XjC7kSN4wpY},
abstract = {EXIOBASE 3 provides a time series of environmentally extended multi-regional input‐output (EE MRIO) tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply‐use tables (SUT) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. EXIOBASE 3 is the culmination of work in the FP7 DESIRE project and builds upon earlier work on EXIOBASE 2 in the FP7 CREEA project and EXIOBASE 1 of the FP6 EXIOPOL project. These databases are available at the official EXIOBASE website. A special issue of Journal of Industrial Ecology (Volume 22, Issue 3) describes the build process and some use cases of EXIOBASE 3. This includes the article by Stadler et. al 2018 describing the compilation of EXIOBASE 3. Further informations (data quality, updates, ...) can be found in the blog post describing a previous release at the Environmental Footprints webpage. Various concordance tables for the database are available here. Previous EXIOBASE 3 Versions There were earlier public releases of the data (EXIOBASE v3.3 and v3.4). These versions are available upon request. We recommend, however, to use the latest version due to major differences in water and land use accounts. End year The original EXIOBASE 3 data series ends 2011. In addition, we also have estimates based on trade and macro-economic data up to 2016. A lot of care must be taken in use of this data. It is only partially suitable for analysing trends over time! The basic description of the process employed is in the relevant deliverable. As of v3.7 (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3583071), the end year is: 2015 energy, 2016 all GHG (non fuel, non-CO2 are nowcasted from 2015, CO2 fuel combustion is based on data points (see below)), 2013 material, 2011 most others, land, water. The EXIOBASE country disaggregated dataset EXIOBASE3rx provides land updates to 2015. Some work is going on to update the extensions, but other collaborative efforts are more than welcome. Announcements We use the EXIOBASE google group for announcing new versions of the database.},
urldate = {2021-01-20},
publisher = {Zenodo},
author = {Stadler, Konstantin and Wood, Richard and Bulavskaya, Tatyana and Södersten, Carl-Johan and Simas, Moana and Schmidt, Sarah and Usubiaga, Arkaitz and Acosta-Fernández, José and Kuenen, Jeroen and Bruckner, Martin and Giljum, Stefan and Lutter, Stephan and Merciai, Stefano and Schmidt, Jannick H and Theurl, Michaela C and Plutzar, Christoph and Kastner, Thomas and Eisenmenger, Nina and Erb, Karl-Heinz and Koning, Arjan and Tukker, Arnold},
month = dec,
year = {2019},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3583071},
note = {type: dataset},
keywords = {consumption based accounting, EE MRIO, environmental-economic accounting, EXIOBASE, Indusrial Ecology, Input Output, Sustainability},
file = {Zenodo Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/RFUJNZHR/3583071.html:text/html}
}
@misc{eurostat_database_nodate,
title = {Database - {Household} budget surveys - {Eurostat}},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/household-budget-surveys/database},
urldate = {2021-01-20},
author = {{Eurostat}},
file = {Database - Household budget surveys - Eurostat:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/KTY79MAK/database.html:text/html}
}
@misc{eurostat_eurostat_nodate,
title = {Eurostat - {Data} {Explorer} - {Air} emissions accounts by {NACE} {Rev}. 2 activity},
url = {https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=env_ac_ainah_r2&lang=en},
urldate = {2021-01-20},
author = {{Eurostat}},
file = {Eurostat - Data Explorer:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/4CREFKP8/show.html:text/html}
}
@misc{eurostat_eurostat_nodate-1,
title = {Eurostat - {Data} {Explorer} - {Number} of private households by household composition, number of children and age of youngest child (1 000)},
url = {https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=lfst_hhnhtych&lang=en},
urldate = {2021-01-20},
author = {{Eurostat}},
file = {Eurostat - Data Explorer:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/6UY4DA4E/show.html:text/html}
}
@misc{statistics_norway_10986:_nodate,
title = {10986: {Private} households and persons in private households, by type of household ({C}) 2005 - 2020},
shorttitle = {10986},
url = {http://www.ssb.no/en/statbanken/statbank/table/10986/},
language = {en},
urldate = {2021-01-20},
journal = {PX-Web SSB},
author = {{Statistics Norway}},
file = {Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/TK6RXLVB/10986.html:text/html}
}
@misc{oecd_sut_nodate,
title = {{SUT} {Indicators} : {Trade} and transport margins in percentage of total supply at purchasers’ prices},
url = {https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=84864#},
urldate = {2021-01-20},
author = {{OECD}},
file = {SUT Indicators \: Trade and transport margins in percentage of total supply at purchasers’ prices:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/JDUCTXIT/index.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{myhre_g._anthropogenic_2013,
title = {Anthropogenic and {Natural} {Radiative} {Forcing}. {In}: {Climate} {Change} 2013: {The} {Physical} {Science} {Basis}. {Contribution} of {Working} {Group} {I} to the {Fifth} {Assessment} {Report} of the {Intergovernmental} {Panel} on {Climate} {Change} [{Stocker}, {T}.{F}., {D}. {Qin}, {G}.-{K}. {Plattner}, {M}. {Tignor}, {S}.{K}. {Allen}, {J}. {Boschung}, {A}. {Nauels}, {Y}. {Xia}, {V}. {Bex} and {P}.{M}. {Midgley} (eds.)].},
institution = {Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.},
author = {{Myhre, G.} and {Shindell, D.} and {Bréon, F.-M.} and {Collins, W.} and {Fuglestvedt, J.} and {Huang, J.} and {Koch, D.} and {Lamarque, J.-F.} and {Lee, D.} and {Mendoza, B.} and {Nakajima, T.} and {Robock, A.} and {Stephens, G.} and {Takemura, T.} and {Zhang, H.}},
year = {2013}
}
@misc{gea_gea_nodate,
title = {{GEA} {Scenario} database (public)},
url = {https://www.iiasa.ac.at/web-apps/ene/geadb/dsd?Action=htmlpage&page=about},
urldate = {2021-01-20},
author = {{GEA}},
file = {GEA Scenario database (public):/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/VYWCLUIW/dsd.html:text/html}
}
@article{riahi_shared_2017,
title = {The {Shared} {Socioeconomic} {Pathways} and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: {An} overview},
volume = {42},
issn = {0959-3780},
shorttitle = {The {Shared} {Socioeconomic} {Pathways} and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378016300681},
doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009},
abstract = {This paper presents the overview of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and their energy, land use, and emissions implications. The SSPs are part of a new scenario framework, established by the climate change research community in order to facilitate the integrated analysis of future climate impacts, vulnerabilities, adaptation, and mitigation. The pathways were developed over the last years as a joint community effort and describe plausible major global developments that together would lead in the future to different challenges for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The SSPs are based on five narratives describing alternative socio-economic developments, including sustainable development, regional rivalry, inequality, fossil-fueled development, and middle-of-the-road development. The long-term demographic and economic projections of the SSPs depict a wide uncertainty range consistent with the scenario literature. A multi-model approach was used for the elaboration of the energy, land-use and the emissions trajectories of SSP-based scenarios. The baseline scenarios lead to global energy consumption of 400–1200 EJ in 2100, and feature vastly different land-use dynamics, ranging from a possible reduction in cropland area up to a massive expansion by more than 700 million hectares by 2100. The associated annual CO2 emissions of the baseline scenarios range from about 25 GtCO2 to more than 120 GtCO2 per year by 2100. With respect to mitigation, we find that associated costs strongly depend on three factors: (1) the policy assumptions, (2) the socio-economic narrative, and (3) the stringency of the target. The carbon price for reaching the target of 2.6W/m2 that is consistent with a temperature change limit of 2°C, differs in our analysis thus by about a factor of three across the SSP marker scenarios. Moreover, many models could not reach this target from the SSPs with high mitigation challenges. While the SSPs were designed to represent different mitigation and adaptation challenges, the resulting narratives and quantifications span a wide range of different futures broadly representative of the current literature. This allows their subsequent use and development in new assessments and research projects. Critical next steps for the community scenario process will, among others, involve regional and sectoral extensions, further elaboration of the adaptation and impacts dimension, as well as employing the SSP scenarios with the new generation of earth system models as part of the 6th climate model intercomparison project (CMIP6).},
urldate = {2021-01-20},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
author = {Riahi, Keywan and van Vuuren, Detlef P. and Kriegler, Elmar and Edmonds, Jae and O’Neill, Brian C. and Fujimori, Shinichiro and Bauer, Nico and Calvin, Katherine and Dellink, Rob and Fricko, Oliver and Lutz, Wolfgang and Popp, Alexander and Cuaresma, Jesus Crespo and Kc, Samir and Leimbach, Marian and Jiang, Leiwen and Kram, Tom and Rao, Shilpa and Emmerling, Johannes and Ebi, Kristie and Hasegawa, Tomoko and Havlik, Petr and Humpenöder, Florian and Da Silva, Lara Aleluia and Smith, Steve and Stehfest, Elke and Bosetti, Valentina and Eom, Jiyong and Gernaat, David and Masui, Toshihiko and Rogelj, Joeri and Strefler, Jessica and Drouet, Laurent and Krey, Volker and Luderer, Gunnar and Harmsen, Mathijs and Takahashi, Kiyoshi and Baumstark, Lavinia and Doelman, Jonathan C. and Kainuma, Mikiko and Klimont, Zbigniew and Marangoni, Giacomo and Lotze-Campen, Hermann and Obersteiner, Michael and Tabeau, Andrzej and Tavoni, Massimo},
month = jan,
year = {2017},
keywords = {Adaptation, Climate change, Community scenarios, Mitigation, RCP, Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, SSP},
pages = {153--168},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/TWI3D553/Riahi et al. - 2017 - The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/T73XZZIS/S0959378016300681.html:text/html}
}
@techreport{gore_t._confronting_2020,
title = {Confronting carbon inequality in the {European} {Union}},
url = {https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/confronting-carbon-inequality-european-union},
language = {en},
urldate = {2021-01-21},
author = {{Gore, T.} and {Alestig, M.}},
year = {2020}
}
@misc{eurostat_eurostat_nodate-2,
title = {Eurostat - {Data} {Explorer} - {Production} of electricity and derived heat by type of fuel},
url = {https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do},
urldate = {2021-01-22},
author = {{Eurostat}},
file = {Eurostat - Data Explorer:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/AVTHJX2N/submitViewTableAction.html:text/html}
}
@misc{eurostat_living_nodate,
title = {Living conditions in {Europe} - material deprivation and economic strain - {Statistics} {Explained}},
url = {https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_material_deprivation_and_economic_strain},
urldate = {2021-01-23},
author = {{Eurostat}},
file = {Living conditions in Europe - material deprivation and economic strain - Statistics Explained:/home/jaccard/.mozilla/firefox/67kb6jd5.default/zotero/storage/7T8I3PME/index.html:text/html}
}
\ No newline at end of file
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- --lua-filter=../templates/scholarly-metadata.lua
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- --lua-filter=../templates/pagebreak.lua
bibliography: references-1.bib
bibliography: references.bib
csl: "../templates/vancouver.csl" # Insert path for the bib-style
content: |
x pages, x figures
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